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Research ArticleOriginal Research

Effect of a UK Pay-for-Performance Program on Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Outcomes: Interrupted Time Series Analysis

Riyadh Alshamsan, John Tayu Lee, Azeem Majeed, Gopalakrishnan Netuveli and Christopher Millett
The Annals of Family Medicine May 2012, 10 (3) 228-234; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1335
Riyadh Alshamsan
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  • For correspondence: ra105@imperial.ac.uk
John Tayu Lee
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Azeem Majeed
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Gopalakrishnan Netuveli
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Christopher Millett
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Abstract

PURPOSE We wanted to examine the long-term effects of the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF), a major pay-for-performance program in the United Kingdom, on ethnic disparities in diabetes outcomes.

METHODS We undertook an interrupted time series analysis of electronic medical record data of diabetes patients registered with 29 family practices in South West London, United Kingdom. Main outcome measures were mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol, and blood pressure.

RESULTS The introduction of QOF was associated with initial accelerated improvements in systolic blood pressure in white and black patients, but these improvements were sustained only in black patients (annual decrease: −1.68 mm Hg; 95% CI, −2.41 to −0.95 mm Hg). Initial improvements in diastolic blood pressure in white patients (−1.01 mm Hg; 95% CI, −1.79 to −0.24 mm Hg) and in cholesterol in white (−0.13 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.21 to −0.05 mmol/L) and black (−0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.20 to −0.01 mmol/L) patients were not sustained in the post-QOF period. There was no beneficial impact of QOF on HbA1c in any ethnic group. Existing disparities in risk factor control remained largely intact (for example; mean HbA1c: white 7.5%, black 7.8%, south Asian 7.8%; P <.05) at the end of the study period.

CONCLUSION A universal pay-for-performance scheme did not appear to address important disparities in chronic disease management over time. Targeted quality improvement strategies may be required to improve health care in vulnerable populations.

  • pay for performance
  • disparities
  • diabetes
  • Received for publication March 18, 2011.
  • Revision received August 3, 2011.
  • Accepted for publication September 6, 2011.
  • © 2012 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.
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The Annals of Family Medicine: 10 (3)
The Annals of Family Medicine: 10 (3)
Vol. 10, Issue 3
May/June 2012
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Effect of a UK Pay-for-Performance Program on Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Outcomes: Interrupted Time Series Analysis
Riyadh Alshamsan, John Tayu Lee, Azeem Majeed, Gopalakrishnan Netuveli, Christopher Millett
The Annals of Family Medicine May 2012, 10 (3) 228-234; DOI: 10.1370/afm.1335

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Effect of a UK Pay-for-Performance Program on Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Outcomes: Interrupted Time Series Analysis
Riyadh Alshamsan, John Tayu Lee, Azeem Majeed, Gopalakrishnan Netuveli, Christopher Millett
The Annals of Family Medicine May 2012, 10 (3) 228-234; DOI: 10.1370/afm.1335
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