Research ArticleOriginal Research
General Practitioners Recognizing Alcohol Dependence: A Large Cross-Sectional Study in 6 European Countries
Jürgen Rehm, Allaman Allamani, Roberto Della Vedova, Zsuzsanna Elekes, Andrzej Jakubczyk, Inga Landsmane, Jakob Manthey, José Moreno-España, Lars Pieper, Charlotte Probst, Sigita Snikere, Pierluigi Struzzo, Fabio Voller, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Antoni Gual and Marcin Wojnar
The Annals of Family Medicine January 2015, 13 (1) 28-32; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1742
Jürgen Rehm
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
PhDAllaman Allamani
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MDRoberto Della Vedova
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MDZsuzsanna Elekes
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
DScAndrzej Jakubczyk
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MDInga Landsmane
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MDJakob Manthey
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MSJosé Moreno-España
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MDLars Pieper
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
PhDCharlotte Probst
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MSSigita Snikere
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MScPierluigi Struzzo
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MDFabio Voller
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MCHans-Ulrich Wittchen
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
PhDAntoni Gual
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MDMarcin Wojnar
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden,
Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze,
Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO),
Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI),
Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest,
Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga,
Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona,
Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga,
Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona,
Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
MDSupplemental Appendixes 1-4
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplemental data: Appendixes 1-4 - PDF file, 9 pages + cover