Table 3

Characteristics of Respondents and Their Clinics in Top vs Bottom Quartile for Each Patient Engagement Subscale

Characteristic	Patient Planning, %		Motivational Interviewing, %		Organizational Strategies, %

	Top Quartile (n = 397)	Bottom Quartile (n = 518)	Top Quartile (n = 374)	Bottom Quartile (n = 290)	Top Quartile (n = 509)	Bottom Quartile (n = 214)
Respondents
Role in PACT
Primary care clinician	30^a	41	34	38	29^a	53
Registered nurse	42	39	41	41	44	26
Clinical associate	27	20	26	21	27	22
Experience in PACT
<1 years	14	12	12	16	12	13
1-2 years	19	15	18	8	14	15
>2 years	67	73	69	73	74	71
Care setting: community-based outpatient clinic	71^a	49	64^a	81	65	65
Clinics
Staffing ratio (≥3 per primary care clinician)	72^a	47	69^a	56	73^a	54
Staff turnover (in past 12 months)	57^a	65	57^a	65	64	66
Role clarity	89^a	65	91^a	70	88^a	58
Daily team huddles	80^a	52	79^a	60	77^a	57
Regular team meetings	86^a	54	82^a	54	81^a	55
Responsible PACT leadership	93^a	72	94^a	76	92^a	67
Review of performance reports	85^a	52	82^a	57	82^a	52
Work to top of license (≥75%)	70^a	43	68^a	48	60^a	42
Burnout more than once a week	28^a	47	26^a	47	32^a	52
Psychological safety^b	65^a	53	62^a	59	63^a	56

PACT = Patient-Aligned Care Team.
↵a Differs significantly (P ≤.05) between top and bottom quartiles, based on bivariate logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations to account for clustering by clinic facility.
↵b Computed as the average of 7 items on a 5-point Likert-type scale and dichotomized at ≥4.0 (corresponding to accurate/very accurate) vs <4.0.
Note: Top and bottom quartiles are unequal because of discontinuity in the distribution of patient engagement subscale scores (across the range of possible scores).