Table 4

Association Between Respondent and Clinic Characteristics and Top Quartile of Each Patient Engagement Subscale (vs Bottom Quartile)

Characteristic	Patient Planning, aOR (95% CI) (n = 915)	Motivational Interviewing, aOR (95% CI) (n = 664)	Organizational Strategies, aOR (95% CI) (n = 725)
Respondents
Role in PACT
Primary care clinician	0.8 (0.5-1.2)	0.7 (0.4-1.2)	0.6 (0.4-1.0)^a
Registered nurse	1.0 (0.7-1.5)	0.9 (0.6-1.4)	1.7 (1.0-2.9)^a
Clinical associate (ref)	1.0	1.0	1.0
Experience in PACT
≤2 years (ref)	1.0	1.0	1.0
>2 years	0.7 (0.5-1.1)	1.0 (0.6-1.6)	1.3 (0.8-2.2)
Care setting: community-based outpatient clinic	2.5 (1.6-3.8)^a	0.43 (0.3-0.8)^a	1.2 (0.8-1.9)
Clinics
Staffing ratio (≥3 per primary care clinician)	2.0 (1.4-2.8)^a	NA	2.1 (1.4-3.2)^a
Staff turnover (in past 12 months)	NA	0.8 (0.5-1.1)	NA
Role clarity	1.5 (0.9-2.6)	2.3 (1.3-4.1)^a	1.9 (1.1-3.2)^a
Daily team huddles	2.1 (1.5-3.1)^a	NA	1.3 (0.9-2.0)
Regular team meetings	3.4 (2.3-5.1)^a	2.7 (1.8-4.1)^a	2.4 (1.6-3.8)^a
Responsible PACT leadership	2.6 (1.5-4.8)^a	1.9 (1.0-3.5)^a	3.0 (1.6-5.4)^a
Burnout
At least once a week	NA	0.6 (0.3-1.1)	NA
A few times a month	NA	1.2 (0.6-2.3)	NA
Once a month or less	NA	0.8 (0.5-1.5)	NA
Psychological safety	NA	NA	NA

aOR = adjusted odds ratio; NA = not applicable (variable was not included in best subsets regression model); ref = reference group.
↵a Significant (P ≤.05), based on multivariate logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations to account for clustering by clinic facility. All models were adjusted for patient sociodemographic factors at the clinic level, as well as clinic and workload characteristics. Best subsets regression analysis was used to identify clinic characteristics that yielded the best model fit.