Patient Characteristics at Baseline, by Study Group
| Experimental | Control | |
|---|---|---|
| Study details | ||
| No. of GP offices | 12 | 12 |
| No. of study participants | 352 | 412 |
| General patient characteristics | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 64.3 (10.9) | 67.3 (10.3) |
| Male, n/N (%) | 195/351 (55.6) | 231/412 (56.1) |
| Western-European ethnicity, n/N (%) | 170/220 (77.3) | 230/298 (77.2) |
| Education, n/N (%) | ||
| Primary | 20/224 (8.9) | 30/294 (10.2) |
| Secondary | 82/224 (36.6) | 114/294 (38.8) |
| Higher | 122/224 (54.5) | 150/294 (51.0) |
| Smoker, n/N (%) | 51/304 (16.8) | 61/403 (15.1) |
| Metabolic control (HbA1c), n/N (%) | ||
| Good (≤53 mmol/mol) | 210/320 (65.6) | 269/395 (68.1) |
| Moderate (54-63 mmol/mol) | 72/320 (22.5) | 89/395 (22.5) |
| Poor (≥64 mmol/mol) | 38/320 (11.9) | 37/395 (9.4) |
| Body mass index, n/N (%) | ||
| Normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 66/326 (20.2) | 56/405 (13.8) |
| Overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2) | 125/326 (38.3) | 197/405 (48.6) |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 135/326 (41.4) | 152/405 (37.5) |
| Hypertension (SBP ≥140 mmHg), n/N (%) | 94/323 (29.1) | 175/406 (43.1) |
| Dyslipidemia (LDL >2.5 mmol/L), n/N (%) | 142/303 (46.9) | 158/387 (40.8) |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n/N (%) | 51/313 (16.3) | 91/369 (24.7) |
| Retinopathy, n/N (%) | 8/199 (4.0) | 10/251 (4.0) |
| Diabetic foot risk, n/N (%) | ||
| None (Simm 0) | 214/275 (77.8) | 243/364 (66.8) |
| Moderate (Simm 1) | 30/275 (10.9) | 60/364 (16.5) |
| High (Simm 2) | 26/275 (9.5) | 54/364 (14.8) |
| Very high (Simm 3) | 5/275 (1.8) | 7/364 (1.9) |
| Self-reported oral health characteristics, n/N (%) | ||
| Have a dentist | 299/352 (84.9) | 340/412 (82.5) |
| Regular dentist visit | 278/350 (79.4) | 304/412 (73.8) |
| Have dental insurance | 242/347 (69.7) | 283/410 (69.0) |
| Edentate | 46/352 (13.1) | 75/405 (18.5) |
| Pain in mouth | 61/352 (17.3) | 52/412 (12.6) |
| Dry mouth | 123/352 (34.9) | 162/412 (39.3) |
| Bad breath | 51/352 (14.5) | 39/412 (9.5) |
| Oral health–related QoLa, mean (SD) | ||
| Functional limitation | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.8) |
| Physical pain | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.4) |
| Psychologic discomfort | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.5 (1.1) |
| Physical disability | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.9) |
| Psychologic disability | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.8) |
| Social disability | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.6) |
| Handicap | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.5) |
| OHIP-NL14 total score | 2.7 (5.7) | 2.3 (4.8) |
| General health–related QoLb, mean (SD) | ||
| Physical functioning | 77.2 (22.8) | 72.9 (23.9) |
| Social functioning | 81.2 (20.8) | 81.0 (22.6) |
| Role limitations due to physical health problems | 70.6 (39.9) | 66.3 (40.5) |
| Role limitations due to emotional problems | 78.9 (35.5) | 76.6 (37.3) |
| General mental health | 77.2 (17.8) | 75.0 (19.1) |
| Vitality | 65.2 (19.1) | 64.5 (20.4) |
| Bodily pain | 74.7 (23.9) | 74.1 (24.7) |
| General health perceptions | 59.6 (17.5) | 57.5 (20.3) |
| Changes in health over time | 51.8 (19.7) | 53.4 (20.1) |
eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; GP = general practitioner; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; LDL = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OHIP-NL14 = 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile; QoL = quality of life; SPB = systolic blood pressure.
Note: Data are presented as percentage of total population unless indicated otherwise. When the size of the total population for a variable differs from the total population included in the study, this is the result of missing data. Percentages represent only nonmissing data.
↵a Subdomains according to Slade.21
↵b Concept scales according to Ware Jr and Sherbourne26 and Ware Jr.27