Table 2.

Number and Cost of Medications in Stratified Patient Groups

Patient GroupParameterNo. of PatientsMeanSDAdjusted MeanDifference Compared With Reference
Age, y
≥85No. of medications74,064        3.74        2.33        3.80      Ref
Cost, ¥71,9176,0074,7776,333      Ref
15-44No. of medications234,195        2.66        2.05        3.71      -0.09
Cost, ¥210,5714,66041647,6051,272
45-64No. of medications1,490,660        3.62        2.31        3.90        0.12
Cost, ¥1,431,6556,0414,9047,155    822
65-84No. of medications1,054,117        3.88        2.39        3.89        0.09
Cost, ¥1,023,2086,30749736,732    398
Sex
MaleNo. of medications1,464,378        3.70        2.34        3.95      Ref
Cost, ¥1,415,4136,0694,8887,327      Ref
FemaleNo. of medications1,388,658        3.57        2.34        3.71    -0.24
Cost, ¥1,321,9385,99548956,630  -697
Hypertension
AbsentNo. of medications1,096,600        2.10        1.54        2.90      Ref
Present1,756,436        4.60        2.24        5.04        2.14
AbsentCost, ¥)1,003,6353,8663,4174,034      Ref
Present1,733,7167,2885,1708,226  4,192
Coronary heart disease
AbsentNo. of medications1,442,472        2.62        1.86        3.36      Ref
Present1,410,564        4.68        2.32        4.36        1.00
AbsentCost, ¥1,345,0844,4133,7785,330      Ref
Present1,392,2677,5995,3198,045  2,715
Dyslipidemia
AbsentNo. of medications1,524,133        2.61        1.83        3.22      Ref
Present1,328,903        4.82        2.31        4.55        1.32
AbsentCost, ¥1,427,2594,3823,7144,961      Ref
Present1,310,0927,8335,3638,548  3,588
Stroke
AbsentNo. of medications2,248,774        3.40        2.26        3.71      Ref
Present604,262        4.53        2.40        3.95        0.24
AbsentCost, ¥2,143,1275,6124,6306,805      Ref
Present594,2247,5545,4757,455    650
Chronic lung disease
AbsentNo. of medications2,324,751        3.52        2.31        3.71      Ref
Present528,285        4.15        2.40        3.95        0.24
AbsentCost, ¥2,217,9145,8384,7916,743      Ref
Present519,4376,8705,2207,888  1,145
Osteoporosis
AbsentNo. of medications2,446,815        3.53        2.31        3.72      Ref
Present406,221        4.33        2.37        3.94        0.23
AbsentCost, ¥2,336,9775,8064,7656,748      Ref
Present400,3747,3625,3868,117  1,369
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy
AbsentNo. of medications2,477,820        3.51        2.29        3.69      Ref
Present375,216        4.47        2.48        3.97        0.28
AbsentCost, ¥2,370,1325,8014,7556,818      Ref
Present367,2197,5305,4647,821  1,003
Diabetic nephropathy
AbsentNo. of medications2,732,287        3.60        2.32        3.68      Ref
Present120,749        4.56        2.59        3.98        0.3
AbsentCost, ¥2,619,2985,9394,8176,924      Ref
Present118,0538,1225,9518,034  1,110
Diabetic neuropathy
AbsentNo. of medications2,726,009        3.58        2.31        3.55      Ref
Present127,027        4.84        2.59        4.13        0.57
AbsentCost, ¥2,612,7045,9314,8256,866      Ref
Present124,6478,1855,7148,986  2,120
No. of comorbidities
0No. of medications488,070        1.44        1.10        1.71      Ref
Cost, ¥421,6662,8892,6982,358      Ref
1No. of medications556,656        2.56        1.54        3.04        1.33
Cost, ¥530,6384,1323,3463,564  1,205
2No. of medications623,184        3.58        1.86        4.24        2.53
Cost, ¥609,1405,5614,0555,384  3,026
3No. of medications665,476        4.75        2.18        5.61        3.89
Cost, ¥658,6097,5265,0258,136  5,777
4No. of medications380,887        5.37        2.24        6.30        4.59
Cost, ¥378,9368,8615,54012,293  9,935
5No. of medications120,907        5.85        2.34        6.80        5.09
Cost, ¥120,5519,9906,00218,57516,216
6No. of medications17,856        6.30        2.49        7.24        5.53
Cost, ¥17,81111,1436,68928,06625,708
No. of complications
0No. of medications2,283,312        3.44        2.25        3.17      Ref
Cost, ¥2,180,8775,6594,6536,576      Ref
1No. of medications447,025        4.22        2.45        3.48        0.32
Cost, ¥434,6477,0965,3117,8771,302
2No. of medications104,086        5.07        2.51        3.96        0.79
Cost, ¥103,2408,7205,7809,4362,861
3No. of medications17,298        5.73        2.51        4.24        1.07
Cost, ¥17,27310,0696,14311,3044,728

  • Ref = reference.

  • Note: Adjusted variables include age, sex, hypertension, coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, stroke, chronic lung disease, osteoporosis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, comorbidity, complication and a variable for the sampling time frame (2016, 2017, and 2018). Values of all regression coefficients above were significant at P <.001.