Difference-in-Difference Analysisa of Team Development and Wellness Scores by Time Point
| Survey Time Point (Post Implementation) | Team Development DnD, Score (P Value) [95% CI] | Wellness Domain DnD, Score (P Value) [95% CI] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burnoutb | Sense of Control | Fulfillment | Meaning | ||
| 9 months | 12.2 (<.001)c | –0.2 (.48) | 0.5 (.05)c | 0.2 (.41) | 0.1 (.35) |
| [6.4 to 18.0] | [–0.7 to 0.3] | [<0.1 to 1.0] | [–0.3 to 0.6] | [–0.2 to 0.4] | |
| 15 months | 8.5 (.006)c | –0.3 (.26) | 0.2 (.41) | 0.3 (.23) | 0.2 (.29) |
| [2.5 to 14.6] | [–0.9 to 0.2] | [–0.3 to 0.7] | [–0.2 to 0.7] | [–0.1 to 0.5] | |
| 24 months | 10.1 (.001)c | 0.1 (.79) | 0.1 (.79) | –0.2 (.51) | –0.1 (.71) |
| [4.1 to 16.1] | [–0.5 to 0.6] | [–0.5 to 0.6] | [–0.6 to 0.3] | [–0.4 to 0.3] | |
DnD = difference-in-difference; pre = pre implementation; post = post implementation.
↵a Difference-in-difference calculation = Implementation clinic (post – pre) – Comparison clinics (post – pre); results shown are from linear mixed-models, configured to account for correlation over individuals and time, with the interaction terms of “intervention × time” providing estimate of the difference-in-difference effect of the intervention at each time point (referenced to baseline).
↵b Lower score indicates less burnout.
↵c P value ≤.05