Association of Clinician Response With Subsequent Length of Visit
| Type of Clinician Response | Subsequent Length of Visit, β (95% CI), Minutes | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Modela | Model 1b | Model 2c | |
| Broad response | |||
| Explicit vs nonexplicit | −1.20 (−2.30 to −0.10) | −0.98 (−2.19 to 0.23) | −1.37 (−2.89 to 0.15) |
| Provides vs reduces space | 2.95 (1.55 to 4.35) | 1.75 (0.20 to 3.29) | 1.27 (−0.63 to 3.18) |
| Specific response | |||
| Provides space | |||
| Empathy | 1.53 (−0.99 to 4.05) | 1.05 (−1.77 to 3.86) | 1.38 (−2.26 to 5.01) |
| Explicit focus on affect | −0.47 (−3.35 to 2.41) | −3.06 (−6.22 to 0.10) | −4.11 (−8.00 to −0.21) |
| Acknowledgment | −2.02 (−3.38 to −0.65) | −1.17 (−2.69 to 0.34) | −1.14 (−3.06 to 0.78) |
| Exploring | 1.37 (0.06 to 2.68) | 1.03 (−0.42 to 2.48) | 0.77 (−1.00 to 2.55) |
| Neutral/passive | 1.56 (0.43 to 2.68) | 0.76 (−0.47 to 2.00) | 0.68 (−0.90 to 2.26) |
| Reduces space | |||
| Gives information/advice | −3.51 (−5.20 to −1.82) | −1.89 (−3.74 to −0.04) | −1.64 (−3.96 to 0.68) |
| Blocking | −1.75 (−3.98 to 0.48) | −0.62 (−3.06 to 1.82) | −0.03 (−2.85 to 2.79) |
Note: Values in bold are statistically significant (P <.05).
↵aRandom intercept univariate multilevel linear regression models (account for clustering of emotional expressions within patient encounters and of patient encounters within clinicians).
↵bRandom intercept multilevel linear regression models (account for clustering of emotional expressions within clinicians) with adjustment for the timestamp of the emotional expression.
↵cRandom intercept multilevel linear regression models (account for clustering of emotional expressions within clinicians) with adjustment for the timestamp of the emotional expression; clinician age, sex, and race/ethnicity; and patient age, sex, and race/ethnicity.