Demographic and Clinical Characteristics at Enrollmenta
| Characteristic | Control (n = 356) | Intervention (n = 353) |
|---|---|---|
| Women, No. (%) | 221 (62.1) | 210 (59.5) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 51 (13.7) | 50 (13.4) |
| Race, No. (%) | ||
| White non-Hispanic | 129 (36.2) | 112 (31.7) |
| Black non-Hispanic | 147 (41.3) | 160 (45.3) |
| Hispanic | 59 (16.6) | 67 (19.0) |
| Other race | 52 (14.6) | 42 (11.9) |
| Annual personal income, $, No. (%) | ||
| <10,000 | 48 (13.5) | 40 (11.3) |
| 10,000-19,999 | 65 (18.3) | 66 (18.7) |
| 20,000-49,999 | 49 (13.8) | 58 (16.4) |
| ≥50,000 | 43 (12.1) | 34 (9.6) |
| No personal income | 25 (7.0) | 24 (6.8) |
| Refused | 51 (14.3) | 53 (15.0) |
| Did not know | 74 (20.8) | 77 (21.8) |
| Education level, No. (%) | ||
| Less than high school | 14 (3.9) | 16 (4.5) |
| Some high school | 47 (13.2) | 40 (11.3) |
| High school graduate or GED | 134 (37.6) | 124 (35.1) |
| Some college | 104 (29.2) | 111 (31.4) |
| 4-year college graduate or higher | 57 (16.0) | 61 (17.3) |
| Health literacy level, grade level, No. (%)b | ||
| ≤3 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.8) |
| 4-6 | 9 (2.5) | 11 (3.1) |
| 7-8 | 49 (13.8) | 53 (15.0) |
| ≥9 | 232 (65.2) | 196 (55.5) |
| Did not report | 66 (18.5) | 90 (25.6) |
| Current employment status, No. (%) | ||
| Full-time | 60 (16.9) | 76 (21.5) |
| Part-time | 36 (10.1) | 29 (8.2) |
| Homemaker | 3 (0.8) | 7 (2.0) |
| Student | 4 (1.1) | 3 (0.8) |
| Retired | 63 (17.7) | 51 (14.4) |
| Disabled | 120 (33.7) | 119 (33.7) |
| Unemployed | 56 (15.7) | 62 (17.6) |
| Otherc | 14 (3.9) | 5 (1.4) |
| Recruitment site, No. (%) | ||
| Boston Medical Center | 328 (92.1) | 325 (92.1) |
| Mt Auburn Hospital | 28 (7.9) | 28 (7.9) |
| Homeless in past 6 months, No. (%) | 28 (7.9) | 24 (6.8) |
| Major depressive disorder, No. (%)c | 110 (30.9) | 96 (27.2) |
| Mean PHQ-9, (SD)d | 15 (4.2) | 15 (4.2) |
| Q-LES-Q-SF, mean (SD)e | 45 (15.9) | 45 (16.0) |
| GAD-7, mean (SD)f | 11 (5.5) | 10 (5.8) |
| PAM-13, mean (SD)g | 42 (5.6) | 42 (5.5) |
| Medication for depression, No. (%)h | 140 (39.3) | 123 (34.8) |
GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; GED = general equivalency diploma; PAM = patient activation measure; PHQ-9 = patient health questionnaire-9; Q-LES-Q-SF = quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire – short form.
↵a Not all column percentages sum to 100% due to missing values.
↵b REALM (Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine). Health literacy categories correspond to scores of grade 3 or below (REALM score, 0-18), grade 4 to 6 (REALM score, 19-44), grade 7 to 8 (REALM score, 45-60), and grade 9 or above (REALM score, 61-66).20
↵c Determined by clinical interview by licensed mental health counselor after enrollment.
↵d Patient Health Questionnaire-9 is a 9-item scale. A score of ≥10 indicates moderate depressive symptoms.16
↵e Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form is a 16-item scale indicating the degree of enjoyment and satisfaction experienced by participants in various areas of daily functioning. The reported score is the sum of the question responses rescaled to 100. Higher scores indicate higher enjoyment and satisfaction.21
↵f Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 is a 7-item scale. A score of 10-14 indicates possible clinically significant generalized anxiety and ≥15 indicates that treatment is probably warranted.23
↵g Patient Activation Measure 13 is a 13-item scale indicating the degree of patients’ willingness and ability to take independent actions to manage their health and care. Raw scores converted to range from 0-100 with ≤47.0 not believing activation important; 47.1-55.1 indicating a lack of knowledge and confidence to take action; 55.2-67.0 beginning to take action; and ≥67.1 taking action.22
↵h Self-reported answer to the question “Are you currently taking medication for depression?”