Adjusted Associations Between Demographic, Practice, and Geographic Characteristics in Family Physicians Working Collaboratively With Behavioral Health Professionals, 2017-2021
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Physician characteristics | |
| Age (per year increase) | 0.99 (0.99-1.00) |
| Female (reference = male) | 1.09 (1.01-1.17) |
| Degree type: DO (reference = MD) | 0.77 (0.69-0.86) |
| IMG | 0.78 (0.71-0.86) |
| Race (reference = White) | |
| American Indian or Alaska Native Asian | 0.78 (0.53-1.15) |
| Asian | 0.90 (0.81-1.00) |
| Black or African American | 0.82 (0.70-0.96) |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0.72 (0.46-1.13) |
| Other | 0.80 (0.68-0.93) |
| Ethnicity: Hispanic/Latine vs non-Hispanic/Latine | 0.72 (0.63-0.84) |
| Faculty (reference = not faculty) | |
| Core/salaried faculty | 2.32 (2.01-2.67) |
| Volunteer/clinical faculty | 1.35 (1.24-1.46) |
| Practice characteristics | |
| Practice site (reference = hospital/health system owned medical practice) | |
| Independently owned medical practice | 0.34 (0.31-0.37) |
| Managed care/HMO practice | 2.64 (2.31-3.03) |
| Academic health center/faculty practice | 4.71 (3.96-5.60) |
| Federally qualified health center or look alike | 7.52 (6.32-8.94) |
| Rural health center | 1.29 (1.05-1.58) |
| Indian health service | 7.36 (4.43-12.23) |
| Government, non-federal | 6.41 (4.79-8.57) |
| Federal (military, Veterans Affairs) | 26.10 (20.77-32.81) |
| Work site clinic | 0.83 (0.65-1.06) |
| Other | 2.24 (1.89-2.66) |
| Vulnerable Population (reference = <10%) | |
| 10% to 49% | 1.46 (1.35-1.58) |
| >50% | 2.41 (2.17-2.69) |
| US geographic characteristics | |
| Rurality: rural (reference = urban) | 1.01 (0.90-1.13) |
| Region (reference = South) | |
| Midwest | 2.08 (1.89-2.29) |
| Northeast | 2.12 (1.89-2.38) |
| West | 2.73 (2.49-3.01) |
| Mental health care HPSA (reference = not HPSA) | |
| Partial county HPSA | 1.06 (0.92-1.21) |
| Whole county HPSA | 0.94 (0.81-1.10) |
| Psychiatrists per 100,000 county population (per unit increase in psychiatrist) | 1.02 (1.02-1.03) |
DO = doctor of osteopathy; HMO = health maintenance organization; HPSA = health professional service area; IMG = international medical graduate; MD = medical doctor; US = United States