Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies by Outcome Category (N = 83 Studies)

Outcome
Category
No. of
Studiesa
Study DesignStudy LocationStudy Population
Retrospective
Cohort
Prospective
Cohort
Other
Cost1814318 United States, 3 Korea, 2 Canada, 2 Taiwan, 1 Belgium, 1 Israel, 1 United KingdomGeneral adults or children; patients with dementia, diabetes, CHF, COPD, hypertension, angina, CKD, osteoarthritis, ESRD, hypercholesterolemia, stroke, knee OA, or serious mental illness
Use796013638 United States, 10 Taiwan, 10 Canada, 6 United Kingdom, 3 Korea, 3 Australia, 2 Brazil, 2 Israel, 2 Norway, 1 Netherlands, 1 Germany, 1 EuropeGeneral population, children, adults, elderly patients, infants, or sexually active women; disease groups including patients with diabetes, cancer, hypertension, knee OA, dementia, CHF, COPD, hypercholesterolemia, serious mental illness, HIV, asthma, hyperlipidemia, ESRD, CAD, OA, osteoporosis, depression, and obesity, as well as children with medical complexities
  • CAD = coronary artery disease; CHF = congestive heart failure; CKD = chronic kidney disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; OA = osteoarthritis.

  • a Some studies assessed both cost and use outcomes.