Multivariate Model of Characteristics Associated With Meeting the D5 Metric
| Characteristic | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)a | P Value |
|---|---|---|
| Rural vs urban | 0.93 (0.88-0.97) | .003 |
| Female vs male | 1.08 (1.03-1.12) | .001 |
| Increasing age, per 10 years | 1.22 (1.10-1.02) | <.001 |
| ACG risk score <1 vs ≥1 | 1.19 (1.13-1.25) | <.001 |
| Diabetes education visit vs none | 0.92 (0.87-0.97) | .004 |
| Nutrition visit vs none | 1.06 (0.97-1.16) | .17 |
| Endocrinology visit vs none | 0.80 (0.73-0.86) | <.001 |
| Increasing outpatient visits, per 1 visit | 1.03 (1.03-1.04) | <.001 |
| Insurance | ||
| Commercial (reference group) | 1.00 | … |
| Medicaid | 0.58 (0.53-0.63) | <.001 |
| Medicare | 1.17 (1.10-1.24) | <.001 |
| Other | 0.97 (0.87-1.09) | .63 |
| Non-White vs White | 0.83 (0.77-0.90) | <.001 |
| APP vs physicianb | 0.94 (0.87-1.02) | .12 |
ACG = adjusted clinical group; APP = advanced practice provider; D5 = diabetes 5-item composite metric.
Notes: Results of the generalized linear mixed model. D5 is a set of 5 treatment goals for diabetes developed by the Minnesota Community Measurement to represent the gold standard for managing diabetes.
↵a An odds ratio greater than 1 indicates that the first characteristic listed is associated with higher odds of meeting the D5 metric. All characteristics shown have been adjusted for in the same model as fixed effects; site and primary care clinician type were random effects in the model.
↵b Physician includes residents and fellows.