Proportion of Patients Suffering Adverse Outcome | Risk Ratio | Adjusted Risk Ratioa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic + No. (%) | Characteristic – No. (%) | Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | |
Patient characteristics | ||||||
Age ≥65 years | 163/7,921 (2.1) | 162/20,925 (0.8) | 2.66 (2.14-3.30) | <0.001 | 2.15 (1.72-2.67) | <0.001 |
Male | 157/11,743 (1.3) | 16/17,098 (0.09) | 1.36 (1.10-1.70) | 0.005 | 1.20 (0.96-1.50) | 0.112 |
Influenza vaccine | 152/9,842 (1.5) | 173/19,004 (0.9) | 170 (1.37-2.11) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.61-1.05) | 0.110 |
Pneumovax <10 y | 95/5,294 (1.8) | 230/23,552 (1.0) | 1.84 (1.45-2.33) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.79-1.29) | 0.939 |
Ever smoked | 1,997/15,165 (13.1) | 120/13,212 (0.9) | 1.43 (1.14-1.79) | 0.002 | 1.25 (0.99-1.57) | 0.060 |
Any comorbidity | 210/13,100 (1.6) | 115/15,746 (0.7) | 2.19 (1.75-2.75) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.24-1.99) | <0.001 |
Lung comorbidity | 112/7,461 (1.5) | 213/21,385 (1.0) | 1.51 (1.20-1.89) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.75-1.32) | 0.976 |
Steroids or bronchodilators | 93/6,537 (1.4) | 218/20,997 (1.0) | 1.37 (1.08-1.75) | 0.010 | 0.87 (0.67-1.12) | 0.278 |
Living in deprived areab | 69/5,750 (1.2) | 256/23,096 (1.1) | 1.08 (0.83-1.41) | 0.556 | 1.10 (0.81-1.50) | 0.530 |
Presenting symptoms | ||||||
Shortness of breath | 246/18,498 (1.3) | 77/10,229 (0.8) | 1.77 (1.37-2.28) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.18-2.04) | 0.002 |
Fever | 126/10,978 (1.1) | 198/17,800 (1.1) | 1.03 (0.83-1.29) | 0.782 | 1.01 (0.80-1.29) | 0.919 |
Chills | 128/9,146 (1.4) | 195/19,621 (1.0) | 1.41 (1.13-1.76) | 0.002 | 1.41 (1.11-1.79) | 0.005 |
Chest pain | 146/10,644 (1.4) | 178/18,130 (1.0) | 1.40 (1.12-1.74) | 0.003 | 1.31 (1.03-1.67) | 0.028 |
Confusion | 25/1,860 (1.3) | 300/26,968 (1.1) | 1.21 (0.81-1.81) | 0.360 | 1.11 (0.75-1.65) | 0.605 |
No coryza | 184/13,029 (1.4) | 139/15,718 (0.9) | 1.60 (1.28-1.99) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.27-2.02) | <0.001 |
Headache | 131/13,254 (1.0) | 193/15,507 (1.2) | 0.79 (0.64-0.99) | 0.041 | 0.73 (0.57-0.94) | 0.014 |
Muscle aches | 112/10,497 (1.1) | 211/18,267 (1.2) | 0.92 (0.74-1.16) | 0.495 | 0.82 (0.63-1.07) | 0.140 |
Diarrhea | 27/2,508 (1.1) | 298/26,312 (1.1) | 0.95 (0.64-1.41) | 0.800 | 0.89 (0.60-1.31) | 0.557 |
Sputum: purulent | 186/18,221 (1.0) | 139/10,621 (1.3) | 0.78 (0.63-0.97) | 0.026 | 0.70 (0.57-0.87) | 0.001 |
Sputum bloody or rusty | 16/1,023 (1.6) | 309/27,819 (1.1) | 1.19 (0.92-1.52) | 0.179 | 0.99 (0.76-1.27) | 0.917 |
Clinical examination findings | ||||||
Severity assessment >5/10 | 198/11,893 (1.7) | 126/16,943 (0.7) | 2.24 (1.79-2.80) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.13-1.93) | 0.004 |
Respiratory rate >24/min | 61/2,885 (2.1) | 263/25,844 (1.0) | 2.08 (1.58-2.74) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.07-1.88) | 0.016 |
Temperature >37.8°C | 40/1,656 (2.4) | 28/27,169 (0.1) | 2.31 (1.67-3.21) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.28-2.58) | 0.001 |
Pulse >100/min | 45/2,801 (1.6) | 280/26,033 (1.1) | 1.49 (1.09-2.04) | 0.012 | 1.03 (0.75-1.40) | 0.858 |
O2 sat <95% | 60/1,698 (3.5) | 205/22,047 (0.9) | 3.80 (2.86-5.05) | <0.001 | 2.76 (2.08-3.65) | <0.001 |
SBP<90 or DBP <60 mm Hg | 39/2,193 (1.8) | 286/26,653 (1.1) | 1.66 (1.19-2.31) | 0.003 | 1.72 (1.20-2.46) | 0.003 |
Crackles | 1,922/12,256 (15.7) | 133/16,582 (0.8) | 1.95 (1.57-2.43) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.01-1.90) | 0.044 |
Bronchial breathing | 37/2,166 (1.7) | 288/26,667 (1.1) | 1.58 (1.13-2.22) | 0.008 | 1.07 (0.71-1.60) | 0.758 |
Wheezing | 107/7,071 (1.5) | 218/21,765 (1.0) | 1.51 (1.20-1.90) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.67-1.18) | 0.412 |
O2 sat = oxygen saturation; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure.
↵a Adjusted by multivariable analysis for antibiotic prescribing, clustering, and other covariates in same category (ie, patient characteristics, presenting symptoms, or examinations findings, respectively).
↵b Living in area of England with deprivation index in top 10%.