Variation in Daily Morphine Milligram Equivalent (MME) for Patients on Chronic Opioids by Patient, Clinician, and Clinic Characteristics
| Characteristics | N | Median Daily MME (IQR) | Kruskal-Wallis P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient level | ||||
| Sex | Female | 591 | 30.0 (15.0-51.4) | .06 |
| Male | 311 | 30.0 (15.9-60.0) | ||
| Race | Asian/Asian American | 6 | 13.7 (5.8-36.3) | <.01 |
| Black/African | 389 | 30.0 (20.0-52.5) | ||
| American | ||||
| White | 435 | 30.0 (13.7-60.0) | ||
| Other | 20 | 24.2 (11.3-59.6) | ||
| Declined | 52 | 13.1 (5.7-30.7) | ||
| Ethnicity | Hispanic | 12 | 20.6 (5.8-49.4) | .08 |
| Not Hispanic | 820 | 30.0 (15.7-57.2) | ||
| Sleep apnea | Yes | 194 | 30.0 (20.0-57.2) | .08 |
| No | 708 | 30.0 (15.0-55.5) | ||
| Depression or anxiety | Yes | 537 | 31.5 (16.7-60.0) | <.01 |
| No | 365 | 25.6 (15.0-48.3) | ||
| Substance use disorder | Yes | 118 | 41.4 (22.5-82.5) | <.01 |
| No | 784 | 30.0 (15.0-52.5) | ||
| Hepatic insufficiency | Yes | 153 | 38.9 (18.2-60.0) | .01 |
| No | 749 | 30.0 (15.0-53.7) | ||
| Renal insufficiency | Yes | 174 | 30.0 (20.0-60.0) | .03 |
| No | 728 | 30.0 (15.0-54.0) | ||
| Concurrent benzodiazepine prescription | Yes | 216 | 31.0 (15.0-69.6) | .09 |
| No | 686 | 30.0 (15.0-51.1) | ||
| Clinician level | ||||
| Degree type | MD | 157 | 43.3 (19.1-67.7) | <.01 |
| DO | 10 | 38.6 (26.3-57.9) | ||
| NP | 21 | 18.4 (7.1-57.0) | ||
| PA | 7 | 5.1 (3.0-14.6) | ||
| Other | 1 | 20.0 (20.0-20.0) | ||
| Age | <50 | 137 | 43.4 (18.2-61.7) | .24 |
| ≥50 | 43 | 35.1 (14.0-56.5) | ||
| Sex | Female | 113 | 33.6 (11.2-53.2) | <.01 |
| Male | 83 | 46.8 (25.1-69.7) | ||
| Specialty | Family medicine | 103 | 18.2 (7.5-42.0) | <.01 |
| Internal medicine | 93 | 51.0 (40.1-74.2) | ||
| Trainee or attending status | Attending | 131 | 25.4 (9.2-56.5) | <.01 |
| Resident | 65 | 52.5 (40.2-71.0) | ||
| Clinic level | ||||
| Type | Urban, underserved | 8 | 61.6 (54.4-65.4) | .05 |
| Suburban | 10 | 26.1 (15.0-57.6) | ||
| Number of clinicians | <5 clinicians | 5 | 25.1 (13.7-51.0) | .26 |
| 5+ clinicians | 13 | 57.7 (28.3-64.1) | ||
| Training site? | Residents | 2 | 68.3 (64.1-72.5) | .09 |
| No residents | 16 | 40.0 (22.1-61.6) |