Odds Ratios for Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia Assessed by Gold-TW Criteria, According to Duration of Insulin and Sulfonylurea Use
| Drug and Duration of Use | Model 1 Crude OR (95% CI) | Model 2a Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Model 3b Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Model 4c Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of insulin use | ||||
| No use | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <1 year | 0.72 (0.46-1.13) | 0.72 (0.45-1.15) | 0.72 (0.42-1.23) | 0.73 (0.42-1.26) |
| 1-2 years | 0.43 (0.28-0.64) | 0.43 (0.28-0.65) | 0.55 (0.35-0.88) | 0.55 (0.35-0.88) |
| 3-4 years | 0.38 (0.24-0.60) | 0.37 (0.23-0.59) | 0.52 (0.31-0.87) | 0.54 (0.32-0.92) |
| ≥5 years | 0.25 (0.17-0.35) | 0.23 (0.16-0.33) | 0.32 (0.21-0.48) | 0.33 (0.22-0.49) |
| Duration of sulfonylurea use | ||||
| No use | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <1 year | 1.46 (0.63-3.38) | 1.46 (0.62-3.46) | 0.43 (0.17-1.08) | 0.42 (0.17-1.03) |
| 1-2 years | 2.68 (1.54-4.68) | 2.92 (1.64-5.21) | 1.11 (0.57-2.15) | 1.09 (0.56-2.12) |
| 3-4 years | 1.89 (1.10-3.25) | 1.91 (1.10-3.29) | 1.11 (0.58-2.12) | 1.06 (0.54-2.09) |
| ≥5 years | 3.84 (2.75-5.38) | 3.91 (2.78-5.52) | 3.56 (2.45-5.19) | 3.50 (2.39-5.13) |
Gold-TW = Chinese version of Gold questionnaire; OR = odds ratio.
Note: Multiple logistic regression models with sequential adjustment for potential confounders. The “no use” groups are the reference groups.
↵a Adjusted for sociodemographics: age, sex, highest education level, marital status, living area, occupation, living arrangement.
↵b Adjusted for sociodemographics and disease history and medical care: diabetes duration, outpatient visit for diabetes care in past year, blood glucose test in past 3 months, urine microalbumin test in past year, retina examination in past year, foot examination in past year.
↵c Adjusted for sociodemographics, disease history and medical care, and health status: perceived health, limited daily activities for ≥6 months.