Table 1.

Change in Use of Specific Antibiotics Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic 3 and 12 Months After First Lockdown in France

	Pre-pandemic DDDs		Change in DDDs observed vs expected at 3 months		Change in DDDs observed vs expected at 12 months
Antibiotic class and name	No.	95% CI	%	95% CI	%	95% CI
Penicillins
Amoxicillin	2,914	2,372 to 3,455	−27.5	−35.1 to −17.9	−55.5	−71.8 to −39.2
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid	147	−125 to 420	−10.9	−19.5 to −0.3	−24.9	−32.2 to −17.6
Cloxacillin	−91	−104 to −78	−6.6	−27.5 to 31.4	−6.3	−17.0 to 4.4
Oxacillin	−57	−70 to −44	−41.6	−94.1 to 10.9	16.5	−68.1 to 84.6
Benzylpenicillin	−1	−2 to −1	−13.8^{^a}	−22.8 to −4.9	5.5^{^a}	−3.9 to 14.9
Phenoxymethylpenicillin	65	58 to 72	26.1	2.5 to 49.7	11.8	−2.5 to 26.1
Piperacillin	1	1 to 1	−15.9	−39.6 to 7.8	−11.8	−35.3 to 11.7
Pivmecillinam	188	175 to 200	−10.2	−14.4 to −5.6	−105.5	−136.5 to −74.5
Cephalosporins
Cefuroxime	−151	−194 to −107	−15.6	−40.8 to 10.7	−32.0	−41.4 to −22.6
Cefaclor	−37	−43 to −30	−6.2	−21.7 to 9.2	−14.4	−18.6 to −10.2
Cefpodoxime	−280	−367 to −193	−16.6	−42.4 to 9.2	−25.6	−33.1 to −18.1
Cefixime	16	−18 to 51	−7.8	−24.3 to 8.7	−6.8	−14.7 to −1.1
Ceftriaxone	10	2 to 18	−2.7	−10.3 to 4.9	−27.5	−35.6 to −19.4
Cefepime	1	1 to 1	−22.0	−40.4 to 3.6	−8.3	−10.7 to −5.9
Ceftazidime	2	1 to 2	−17.0	−28.8 to −6.6	−6.9	−21.2 to 7.4
Cefadroxil	−14	−16 to −12	−23.9	−63.7 to 15.9	−3.1	−15.6 to −12.1
Tetracyclines
Doxycycline	67	−105 to 239	−21.7	−43.0 to 0.4	−3.5	−17.5 to 10.5
Minocycline	−47	−54 to −40	−6.1	−25.9 to 13.7	−0.3	−2.4 to 1.8
Tetracycline	20	−4 to 44	−12.4	−29.5 to 4.7	5.4	−11.6 to 22.4
Macrolides
Azithromycin	276	236 to 315	−6.3	−24.7 to 12.1	2.7	0.1 to 5.3
Clarithromycin	−347	−425 to −270	−9.8	−29.6 to 10.0	−26.9	−34.8 to −19.0
Erythromycin	−19	−22 to −16	−13.1	−25.5 to 0.8	−3.3	−17.2 to 10.6
Josamycin	−104	−133 to −75	−22.2	−45.6 to 1.2	−39.0	−50.5 to −27.5
Roxithromycin	−55	−91 to −18	−17.7	−32.7 to −2.7	−44.7	−67.8 to −21.6
Spiramycin	−3	−11 to 5	−7.1	−16.7 to 2.5	−34.4	−44.5 to −24.3
Spiramycin in combinations	−78	−89 to −66	−16.1	−29.3 to −2.7	−5.8	−19.0 to 7.4
Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin	−25	−40 to −9	−4.5	−10.9 to 2.9	−2.6	−9.8 to 4.6
Levofloxacin	−15	−36 to 6	−6.2	−18.9 to 6.0	−23.6	−30.5 to −16.7
Moxifloxacin	−70	−79 to −61	−7.3	−23.1 to 8.5	−2.0	−7.4 to 3.4
Ofloxacin	37	17 to 57	−3.9	−12.1 to 5.8	−3.4	−18.1 to 14.7
Other antibiotics
Tobramycin	3	0 to 5	−5.3	−12.7 to 2.1	−5.3	−12.7 to 2.1
Clindamycin	44	42 to 46	−5.6	−11.2 to 0.0	−7.7	−10.0 to −5.4
Sulfadiazine	−4	−4 to −3	−41.9	−52.3 to −25.9	−8.7	−21.3 to 3.9
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim	29	24 to 35	8.4	−1.8 to 18.6	−5.5	−17.1 to 6.1
Trimethoprim	2	2 to 3	−0.2	−4.8 to 4.4	79.6	56.2 to 103.0
Pristinamycin	−41	−104 to 21	−15.9	−24.1 to −7.6	−29.1	−47.7 to −10.5
Fosfomycin	70	66 to 73	−10.4	−13.9 to −6.8	−8.6	−16.1 to −1.1
Colistin	1	1 to 2	8.1	1.5 to 14.7	−2.1	−9.2 to 5.0
Nitrofurantoin	−60	−70 to −51	−185.1	−246.5 to −123.7	−21.3	−55.6 to 13.0

DDDs = delivered daily doses.
Note: Prior trend is the overall evolution of the monthly number of reimbursed DDDs for each antibiotic in France from January 2010 to near the start of first lockdown in March 2020 (roughly 10 years of data). Values in bold are significant at the level of α = .05
↵a Estimated since June 2018.