Table 3.

Univariate Analysis for Directionality, COPD Alone, and COPD + Asthma

		Prevalent cohort (COPD alone)		Prevalent cohort (COPD + asthma)		Inception cohort (COPD alone)		Inception cohort (COPD + asthma)
Outcome		Long-term ICS exposure	Short-term ICS exposure	Long-term ICS exposure	Short-term ICS exposure	Long-term ICS exposure	Short-term ICS exposure	Long-term ICS exposure	Short-term ICS exposure
Diabetes	No. (%)	8,324 (13.53)	4,086 (3.86)	11,321 (14.65)	5,327 (3.79)	6,037 (14.98)	2,933 (4.03)	11,135 (15.78)	2,672 (4.22)
	Total	61,540	105,750	77,290	140,489	40,288	72,752	70,570	63,341
	Test	X2(1) = 5,286.8; P < .001		X2(1) = 8,321; P < .001		X2(1) = 4,256.5; P < .001		X2(1) = 4,822.6; P < .001
Osteoporosis	No. (%)	5,017 (7.93)	3,261 (2.69)	6,796 (8.56)	4,323 (2.85)	3,578 (8.63)	2,361 (3.03)	6,689 (9.25)	2,186 (3.22)
	Total	63,250	121,191	79,350	151,462	41,450	78,039	72,296	67,972
	Test	X2(1) = 2,662; P < .001		X2(1) = 3,701.8; P < .001		X2(1 ) = 1,800.5; P < .001		X2(1) = 2,152.7; P < .001
Fracture	No. (%)	1,802 (2.79)	1,634 (1.28)	2,399 (2.96)	2,237 (1.40)	1,295 (3.06)	1,246 (1.51)	2,356 (3.20)	1,143 (1.58)
	Total	64,483	127,347	80,923	159,576	42,253	82,904	73,714	72,356
	Test	X2(1) = 555.05; P < .001		X2(1) = 692.77; P < .001		X2(1) = 342.5; P < .001		X2(1) = 407.38; P < .001
Cataracts	No. (%)	406 (0.63)	631 (0.49)	555 (0.68)	897 (0.56)	293 (0.69)	417 (0.50)	613 (0.83)	412 (0.56)
	Total	64,680	128,371	81,184	160,835	42,437	84,014	73,976	73,135
	Test	X2(1) = 14.671; P < .001		X2(1) = 14.134; P < .001		X2(1 ) = 18.677; P < .001		X2(1) = 37.03; P < .001
Pneumonia	No. (%)	8,263 (13.01)	6,017 (4.91)	11,263 (14.15)	8,077 (5.28)	5,828 (14.01)	4,144 (5.24)	10,804 (14.89)	3,855 (5.60)
	Total	63,530	122,501	79,593	153,024	41,591	79,159	72,561	68,878
	Test	X2(1) = 3,866.7; P .001		X2(1) = 5,406; P < .001		X2(1 ) = 2,771.5; P < .001		X2(1) = 3,283.6; P < .001

COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS = inhaled corticosteroid.