Table 4.

Primary and Sensitivity Analysis Results of Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Models of Prevalent and Inception Cohorts

Primary analysis (COPD alone)Sensitivity analysis (COPD + asthma)
OutcomePrevalenta HR (95% Cl)Inceptiona HR (95% Cl)Prevalenta HR (95% Cl)lnceptiona HR (95% Cl)
Composite dichotomous
    Overall2.65 (2.62-2.68)2.60 (2.56-2.64)2.72 (2.69-2.75)2.75 (2.71-2.79)
Individual outcomes
    Diabetes2.56 (2.53-2.59)2.48 (2.45-2.52)2.63 (2.60-2.66)2.64 (2.61-2.68)
    Fracture2.45 (2.42-2.47)2.39 (2.36-2.42)2.52 (2.50-2.55)2.54 (2.50-2.57)
    Osteoporosis2.50 (2.50-2.50)2.44 (2.41-2.48)2.57 (2.55-2.60)2.59 (2.56-2.62)
    Pneumonia2.48 (2.45-2.50)2.40 (2.37-2.44)2.54 (2.52-2.57)2.54 (2.50-2.57)
    Cataracts2.45 (2.43-2.48)2.39 (2.36-2.43)2.53 (2.50-2.55)2.54 (2.50-2.57)
Individual recurrent outcomes
    Pneumonia2.88 (2.62-3.16)2.85 (2.53-3.22)2.87 (2.63-3.12)3.26 (2.92-3.63)
    Nontraumatic fracture1.77 (1.42-2.21)1.57 (1.20-2.06)1.92 (1.58-2.33)1.83 (1.43-2.33)

  • COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR = hazard ratio.

  • ↵a All outcomes statistically significant (P < .001).