Bivariate Analysis of Primary Care Access in 2019 and Community Characteristics, by Virginia Census Tract
| Characteristic | All census tracts N = 1,837a | Inadequate PCP access n = 808 (44.0%) | Adequate PCP access n = 1,029 (56.0%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predisposing factors, % (SD) | ||||
| Female | 60.0 (4.4) | 50.4 (4.7) | 51.4 (4.0) | <.001 |
| Age <5 years | 6.1 (2.6) | 5.9 (2.5) | 6.3 (2.7) | .001 |
| Age ≥65 years | 13.9 (6.9) | 14.9 (7.2) | 13.0 (6.6) | <.001 |
| Enabling factors, % (SD) | ||||
| ≤High school diploma/equivalent | 36.2 (17.2) | 39.9 (16.7) | 33.3 (17.0) | <.001 |
| Unemployed | 6.9 (4.5) | 6.8 (4.0) | 6.9 (4.8) | .4 |
| Divorced | 10.4 (4.0) | 10.2 (3.6) | 10.5 (4.2) | .087 |
| Married | 49.6 (13.6) | 53.0 (11.1) | 46.8 (14.8) | <.001 |
| Limited English proficiency | 2.5 (3.9) | 1.5 (2.7) | 3.3 (4.5) | <.001 |
| Uninsured | 11.4 (6.7) | 11.0 (6.1) | 11.8 (7.2) | .11 |
| Public insuranceb | 26.5 (12.0) | 27.7 (11.3) | 25.5 (12.5) | <.001 |
| With a motor vehicle | 93.3 (7.7) | 94.8 (5.3) | 92.0 (8.9) | <.001 |
| With broadband access | 79.5 (14.0) | 77.5 (14.5) | 81.0 (13.4) | <.001 |
| Need factors | ||||
| Disability, % (SD) | 11.4 (5.8) | 12.1 (5.8) | 10.8 (5.6) | <.001 |
| Depression, mean (SD) diagnoses/1,000 persons | 57.0 (18.5) | 56.3 (18.9) | 57.6 (18.2) | .13 |
| Diabetes, mean (SD) diagnoses/1,000 persons | 89.2 (29.9) | 95.7 (34.4) | 84.0 (24.6) | <.001 |
| Hypertension, mean (SD) diagnoses/1,000 persons | 218.5 (67.1) | 233.5 (74.1) | 206.1 (58.4) | <.001 |
| Hospital availability score (SD) | 5.3 (3.5) | 4.2 (3.5) | 6.1 (3.3) | <.001 |
| Structural factors | ||||
| ICERace score (SD)c | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.5) | <.001 |
| ICEIncome score (SD)d | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.4) | .50 |
| Population density, No. (SD) | 3,217.4 (4,684.2) | 2,205.3 (3,813.6) | 4,021.1 (5,131.6) | <.001 |
| Rurality number, No. (%) | <.001 | |||
| Suburban | 941 (51.2) | 334 (41.3) | 607 (59.0) | |
| Urban | 417 (22.7) | 116 (14.4) | 301 (29.3) | |
| Rural | 479 (26.1) | 358 (44.3) | 121 (11.8) | |
| Region number, No. (%) | <.001 | |||
| Central region | 324 (17.6) | 111 (13.7) | 213 (20.7) | |
| Eastern region | 438 (23.8) | 260 (32.2) | 178 (17.3) | |
| Northern region | 505 (27.5) | 177 (21.9) | 328 (31.9) | |
| Northwest region | 261 (14.2) | 119 (14.7) | 142 (13.8) | |
| Southwest region | 309 (16.8) | 141 (17.5) | 168 (16.3) |
ICE = Index of Concentration at the Extremes; PCP = primary care physician.
Note: Continuous variable associations tested using Wilcoxon rank sum test, and categorical variable associations tested using χ2 tests.
↵a 1,907 total census tracts, 1,837 with complete data.
↵b Includes any public coverage (Medicare, Medicaid, Children’s Health Insurance Program, Veterans Health Administration, individual state health plans).
↵c ICERace is a continuous measure of racial residential segregation ranging from −1 to 1. A value of 0.5 means that there is a greater proportion of White households compared to Black households in that census tract. For example, the census tract could consist of 50% White households and 45% Black households. It could also consist of 35% White households, 30% Black households, and 35% households of different racial/ethnic groups.
↵d ICEIncome is a continuous measure of economic residential segregation ranging from −0.89 to 0.89. A value of 0.1 means that there is a slightly greater proportion of high-income households compared to low-income households. Similar to ICERace, a value of 0.1 could mean that the census tract consists of 51% high-income households and 49% low-income households, or it could mean that the census tract consists of 35% high-income households, 34% low-income households, and 31% households that are neither high nor low income.