Characteristics of Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) vs Non-HMO Members Among Nonelderly, Insured Adults
| Characteristic | HMO (n = 15,006) % (95% CI) | Non-HMO (n = 16,670) % (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| * P < .01. | ||
| † P < .001. | ||
| ‡ P < .05. | ||
| § Higher scores on the physical health summary score (PCS 12) and the mental health summary score (MCS 12) of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12 health survey indicate better physical or mental health status. | ||
| Education, years* | ||
| < 12 | 9.7 (8.7–10.7) | 11.1 (10.3–11.9) |
| 12 | 33.7 (32.7–34.7) | 33.6 (32.4–34.8) |
| 13–15 | 29.5 (28.5–30.5) | 27.5 (26.3–28.7) |
| ≥ 16 | 27.1 (26.1–28.1) | 27.8 (26.8–28.8) |
| Age, years† | ||
| 18–29 | 24.0 (23.0–25.0) | 21.9 (20.9–22.9) |
| 30–44 | 44.2 (43.2–45.2) | 41.1 (40.9–42.3) |
| 45–64 | 31.8 (31.7–31.8) | 37.0 (35.8–38.2) |
| Male sex‡ | 49.0 (48.2–49.8) | 48.1 (47.5–48.7) |
| Race† | ||
| Black | 12.8 (10.8–14.8) | 9.7 (7.7–11.7) |
| Hispanic, English fluent | 7.9 (5.9–9.9) | 4.2 (3.0–5.4) |
| Hispanic, non-English fluent | 4.2 (3.8–4.6) | 2.5 (1.3–3.7) |
| Other race | 6.2 (5.4–7.0) | 4.8 (4.2–5.4) |
| White | 68.9 (67.7–70.1) | 78.9 (77.7–80.1) |
| Marital status, single* | 37.9 (36.5–39.3) | 35.4 (33.8–37.0) |
| Mean family size | 2.66 (2.62–2.70) | 2.70 (2.64–2.76) |
| Residence† | ||
| Large metropolitan area | 82.3 (79.5–85.1) | 66.6 (62.6–70.6) |
| Small metropolitan area | 4.3 (3.5–5.1) | 7.5 (6.5–8.5) |
| Nonmetropolitan area | 13.3 (10.7–15.9) | 25.9 (22.5–29.3) |
| Medicaid insurance† | 3.3 (2.7–3.9) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Current | 25.3 (24.3–26.3) | 24.9 (23.7–26.1) |
| Former | 21.6 (20.6–22.6) | 22.4 (21.4–23.4) |
| Never | 53.1 (51.5–54.7) | 54.2 (52.6–55.8) |
| Health status | ||
| PCS 12 (physical) score, mean§ | 51.1 (50.9–51.3) | 50.8 (50.6–51.0) |
| MCS 12 (mental) score, mean | 52.3 (52.1–52.5) | 52.3 (52.1–52.5) |
| Income as percent of poverty level† | ||
| < 100% | 14.0 (13.0–15.0) | 17.2 (16.0–18.4) |
| 100%–199% | 18.1 (16.9–19.3) | 16.7 (15.7–17.7) |
| 200%–399% | 36.0 (34.8–37.2) | 33.3 (32.1–34.5) |
| ≥ 400% | 31.9 (30.3–33.5) | 32.8 (31.6–34.4) |