Table 1.

Breastfeeding Interventions

Study, Year	Quality	Time	Education	Support	Written Materials	Intervention Breastfeeding N/Total (%)	Control Breastfeeding N/Total (%)	Difference %
* P < .05.
Initiation
McEnery & Rao, 1986³³	Poor		Yes	No	No	7/16 (44)	16/51 (31)	13
Hill, 1987²²	Fair		Yes	No	Yes	19/31 (61)^*	15/33 (46)^*	15
Kistin et al, 1990²⁰	Fair		Yes	No	No	17/38 (45)^*	13/56 (23)^*	22
Oakley & Rajan, 1990²⁴	Fair		No	Yes	No	105/230 (46)	89/226 (39)	7
Rossiter, 1994³⁵	Poor		Yes	No	Yes	73/104 (70)^*	28/74 (38)^*	32
Brent et al, 1995²³	Fair		Yes	Yes	No	33/58 (57)^*	18/57 (32)^*	25
Sciacca et al, 1995²⁶	Poor		Yes	Yes	No	26/26 (100)^*	24/29 (83)^*	17
Loh et al, 1997³¹	Poor		No	No	Yes	43/98 (44)	30/98 (32)	12
Reifsnider & Eckhart, 1997⁴⁵	Poor		Yes	No	No	13/14 (93)	13/17 (77)	17
Short term
Kaplowitz & Olson, 1983³²	Poor	2 mo	No	No	Yes	5/18 (28)	5/22 (23)	5
Wiles, 1984³⁴	Poor	1 mo	Yes	No	No	18/20 (90)	6/20 (30)	60
Jones & West, 1985³⁷	Poor	4 wk	No	Yes	No	191/228 (84)^*	255/355 (72)^*	12
Hill, 1987²²	Fair	6 wk	Yes	No	Yes	12/31 (39)^*	10/33 (30)^*	9
Kistin et al, 1990²⁰	Fair	< 6 wk	Yes	No	No	8/38 (21)	8/56 (14)	7
Serafino-Cross & Donovan, 1992²⁵	Fair	2 mo	No	Yes	No	16/26 (62)	9/26 (35)	27
Rossiter, 1994³⁵	Poor	4 wk	Yes	No	Yes	52/104 (50)^*	19/74 (26)^*	24
Brent et al, 1995²³	Fair	2 mo	Yes	Yes	No	19/51 (37)^*	5/57 (9)^*	28
Redman et al, 1995²⁹	Fair	6 wk	Yes	Yes	Yes	64/81 (79)	68/83 (82)	(−) 3
Sciacca et al, 1995²⁶	Poor	2 mo	Yes	Yes	No	21/26 (81)^*	9/29 (31)^*	50
Duffy et al, 1997¹⁹	Fair	< 6 wk	Yes	No	No	32/35 (92)^*	10/35 (29)^*	63
Loh et al, 1997³¹	Poor	4 wk	No	No	Yes	29/38 (76)	17/27 (63)	10
Long term
Jones & West, 1985³⁷	Poor	6 mo	No	Yes	No	86/228 (38)	98/355 (28)	10
Frank et al, 1987²⁷	Poor	4 mo	No	Yes	Yes	103/163 (63)	90/160 (56)	7
Rossiter, 1994³⁵	Poor	6 mo	Yes	No	Yes	26/101 (26)	12/74 (16)	10
Brent et al, 1995²³	Fair	6 mo	Yes	Yes	No	7/51 (14)	4/57 (7)	7
Redman et al, 1995²⁹	Fair	4 mo	Yes	Yes	Yes	42/75 (56)	45/77 (58)	(−) 2
Curro et al, 1997³⁰	Good	6 mo	Yes	No	Yes	61/103 (59)	50/97 (52)	7
Pugh & Milligan, 1998²¹	Fair	6 mo	Yes	Yes	No	15/30 (50)	8/30 (27)	23