Summary of Intervention Studies
Author, Year | No. and Study Type | Population | Child’s Age When Intervention Ended (Mo) | Risk Assessment | Significant Decrease in Abuse Measures | Other Significant Effects* | Quality Rating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCT = randomized controlled trial; X = significant relationship; 0 = studied but not significant; NA = not studied; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; HRIS = Hawaii Risk Indicator Scale; KFI = Kempe Family Stress Inventory; CPS = Child Protective Services. | |||||||
*Other outcomes include injury, poisoning, hospitalizations, child development level, and others. | |||||||
Olds 198657 199454 199555 199756 | RCT | Pregnant women, first births (many teenagers, unmarried, low social class) small, semirural county in New York State | 24 | 85% had 1 or more factors: age <19 y, single-parent status, low income | Good | ||
Eckenrode, 200058 follow-up | |||||||
2 y | 400 | X (P = .07) | X | ||||
3 y | 400 | 0 | X | ||||
4 y | 56 | 0 | X | ||||
15 y | 324 | X | X | ||||
Kitzman, 199763 | 1,139 RCT | Pregnant, low-income, minority women, most teenagers; public obstetric clinic in Memphis | 24 | First birth with at least 2 factors: unmarried, 12 y of education, unemployment status | NA | X | Fair |
Black, 199461 | 43 RCT | Drug using pregnant women (majority single, African American, multiparus, low education, low income, history of incarceration, urban) | 18 | Admitted using cocaine or heroin during pregnancy | NA | X | Fair |
Barth, 199159 | 191 RCT | Pregnant women in California with low income; 90% scored above mean on Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP) | 6 | Two or more positive responses to a list of criteria | 0 | NA | Fair |
Marcenko, 199460 | 225 RCT | Pregnant low-income minority women in Philadelphia | 6 | A history of at least 1 factor: substance abuse, homelessness, domestic violence, psychiatric illness, incarceration, HIV infection, lack of social support | 0 | X | Fair |
Brooten, 198664 | 79 RCT | Low birth weight infants | 18 | Weight <2,200 g | 0 | X | Fair |
Siegel, 198062 | 331 RCT | Pregnant women; mostly minority, low education, not married; North Carolina | 12 | None | 0 | 0 | Fair |
Cerny, 200167 | 142 Cohort | Pregnant women at risk for child abuse or neglect; Tripler Army Medical Center | 12 | One or more positive responses to a list of criteria. | 0 | X | Fair-poor |
Katzev, 199947 | 6,921 Cohort | First-birth pregnant women; Oregon | 36 | HRIS, if high score, then KFI | X | X | Fair-poor |
Brayden, 199348 | 1,082 RCT | Pregnant women; Philadelphia | 24 | Risk factors: frequent moves, previous removal of children by CPS, abusive behavior, and high scores on the Life Stress Scale and Nurture Scale | X | NA | Poor |
Dawson, 198966 | 172 Quasi- experimental | Low-income pregnant women; Denver | 24 | None | Increased reports | NA | Poor |
Flynn, 199968 | 137 Cohort | Pregnant minority women; mostly teenagers; Newark | 36 | Based on clinical judgment | 0 | X | Poor |
Gray, 197965 | 150 RCT | Pregnant women; Denver | 36 | Based on clinical judgment | Increased reports | X | Poor |