Table 2

Logistic Modeling Results for the Provision of Out-of-Office Care

Characteristic	Model 1: Rural OR (95% CI)	Model 2: Urban OR (95% CI)	Model 3: Metropolitan OR (95% CI)
Panel A: Any out–of-office care
Sex (female)	0.29 (0.21-0.40)^a	0.53 (0.43-0.66)^a	0.65 (0.59-0.72)^a
Year	0.95 (0.88-1.03)	0.92 (0.87-0.96)^b	0.94 (0.92-0.96)^a
Age, y
35-<45	0.58 (0.33-1.03)	0.92 (0.66-1.28)	0.95 (0.83-1.09)
45-<55	0.30 (0.17-0.52)^a	0.72 (0.52-1.00)^c	1.04 (0.91-1.19)
55-<65	0.22 (0.13-0.40)^a	0.56 (0.40-0.79)^b	0.78 (0.68-0.90)^b
≥65	0.08 (0.04-0.16)^a	0.24 (0.16-0.34)^a	0.39 (0.33-0.46)^a
Training (international)	1.64 (1.20-2.24)^c	0.84 (0.70-1.00)	0.98 (0.90-1.07)
Proportion APP	1.20 (0.71-2.03)	7.22 (4.49-11.60)^a	1.47 (1.24-1.74)^a
Proportion female	47.47 (15.68-143.70)^a	27.42 (11.77-63.87)^a	5.46 (3.89-7.65)^a
Proportion aged ≥65 y	79.89 (24.36-261.94)^a	114.13 (54.11-240.69)^a	168.95 (121.50-234.93)^a
Proportion >1 Chronic ADGs	72.68 (23.17-227.99)^a	56.99 (24.53-132.44)^a	14.46 (10.73-19.50)^a
Proportion low SES	0.01 (0.01-0.03)^a	1.84 (0.79-4.29)	0.22 (0.16-0.32)^a
Panel B: Home visits
Sex (female)	0.66 (0.53-0.82)^b	0.66 (0.55-0.79)^a	0.66 (0.58-0.75)^a
Year (continuous)	0.93 (0.89-0.97)^b	0.91 (0.88-0.94)^a	0.92 (0.90-0.94)^a
Age, y
35-<45	1.27 (0.99-1.61)	1.03 (0.83-1.29)	1.30 (1.09-1.55)^c
45-<55	1.50 (1.16-1.94)^c	1.23 (0.98-1.54)	1.87 (1.57-2.23)^a
55-<65	1.64 (1.24-2.17)^b	1.27 (1.00-1.62)	2.01 (1.68-2.41)^a
≥65	0.68 (0.46-1.01)	0.67 (0.50-0.90)^c	1.39 (1.12-1.72)^c
Training (international)	0.97 (0.81-1.16)	0.95 (0.82-1.10)	0.94 (0.84-1.05)
Proportion APP	0.13 (0.08-0.19)^a	0.24 (0.18-0.33)^a	0.24 (0.20-0.29)^a
Proportion female	2.46 (1.11-5.48)^c	3.54 (1.74-7.21)^b	1.90 (1.26-2.86)^b
Proportion aged ≥65 y	18.52 (9.41-36.46)^a	43.81 (25.57-75.06)^a	12.34 (9.03-16.87)^a
Proportion >1 chronic ADGs	2.15 (0.99-4.65)	0.20 (0.10-0.39)^a	0.66 (0.46-0.94)^c
Proportion low SES	0.26 (0.13-0.51)^a	0.92 (0.47-1.83)	0.33 (0.21-0.51)^a
Panel C: Long-term care visits
Sex (female)	0.58 (0.46-0.75)^a	0.69 (0.57-0.84)^b	0.58 (0.46-0.75)^a
Year (continuous)	0.98 (0.94-1.03)	0.96 (0.93-1.00)^c	0.98 (0.94-1.03)
Age, y
35-<45	1.16 (0.90-1.50)	0.77 (0.62-0.96)^c	1.16 (0.90-1.50)
45-<55	1.03 (0.78-1.36)	0.82 (0.65-1.03)	1.03 (0.78-1.36)
55-<65	0.80 (0.59-1.09)	0.74 (0.57-0.95)^c	0.80 (0.59-1.09)
≥65	0.47 (0.31-0.73)^b	0.42 (0.31-0.57)^a	0.47 (0.31-0.73)^b
Training (international)	1.18 (0.95-1.45)	1.16 (0.98-1.38)	1.18 (0.95-1.45)
Proportion APP	0.13 (0.08-0.19)^a	0.27 (0.20-0.36)^a	0.13 (0.08-0.19)^a
Proportion female	7.96 (3.34-18.94)^a	4.65 (2.36-9.14)^a	7.96 (3.34-18.94)^a
Proportion aged ≥65 y	100.32 (45.47-221.36)^a	90.86 (51.98-158.82)^a	100.32 (45.47-221.36)^a
Proportion >1 chronic ADGs	1.84 (0.80-4.22)	0.53 (0.29-0.98)^c	1.84 (0.80-4.22)
Proportion low SES	0.19 (0.09-0.40)^a	7.46 (3.78-14.74)^a	0.19 (0.09-0.40)^a
Panel D: Emergency department visits
Sex (female)	0.49 (0.38-0.62)^a	0.53 (0.44-0.64)^a	0.59 (0.51-0.67)^a
Year	0.95 (0.91-0.99)^c	0.96 (0.93-0.99)^c	0.93 (0.91-0.95)^a
Age, y
35-<45	0.70 (0.53-0.93)^c	0.60 (0.48-0.75)^a	0.67 (0.58-0.78)^a
45-<55	0.56 (0.41-0.76)^b	0.44 (0.35-0.55)^a	0.58 (0.49-0.68)^a
55-<65	0.36 (0.26-0.50)^a	0.35 (0.27-0.44)^a	0.45 (0.38-0.54)^a
≥65	0.18 (0.12-0.28)^a	0.20 (0.14-0.27)^a	0.30 (0.24-0.38)^a
Training (international)	1.35 (1.08-1.68)^c	0.86 (0.73-1.01)	0.89 (0.77-1.02)
Proportion APP	1.58 (1.10-2.29)^c	4.36 (3.30-5.77)^a	1.33 (1.14-1.57)^b
Proportion female	1.98 (1.01-3.89)^c	0.89 (0.48-1.65)	1.20 (0.85-1.69)
Proportion aged ≥65 y	0.42 (0.22-0.81)^c	0.59 (0.36-0.96)^c	0.61 (0.46-0.81)^b
Proportion >1 chronic ADGs	3.79 (1.94-7.39)^a	4.05 (2.28-7.20)^a	3.93 (2.85-5.41)^a
Proportion low SES	0.37 (0.20-0.67)^c	1.67 (0.87-3.19)	0.53 (0.36-0.79)^c
Panel E: Hospital visits
Sex (female)	0.29 (0.22-0.37)	0.58 (0.49-0.68)^a	0.67 (0.61-0.74)^a
Year (continuous)	0.89 (0.84-0.94)^b	0.87 (0.84-0.90)^a	0.90 (0.88-0.92)^a
Age, y
35-<45	0.73 (0.50-1.07)	0.77 (0.60-0.98)^c	0.77 (0.67-0.87)^a
45-<55	0.47 (0.32-0.68)^a	0.56 (0.44-0.71)^a	0.90 (0.80-1.03)
55-<65	0.31 (0.21-0.46)^a	0.56 (0.44-0.73)^a	0.64 (0.56-0.73)^a
≥65	0.10 (0.06-0.17)^a	0.25 (0.19-0.33)^a	0.36 (0.31-0.42)^a
Training (international)	1.05 (0.84-1.31)	0.94 (0.82-1.07)	1.04 (0.96-1.12)
Proportion APP	0.10 (0.07-0.15)^a	0.62 (0.47-0.81)^b	0.81 (0.69-0.95)^c
Proportion female	106.55 (39.46-287.72)^a	38.00 (19.25-75.02)^a	18.77 (13.43-26.23)^a
Proportion aged ≥65 y	21.90 (8.78-54.66)^a	12.11 (7.19-20.41)^a	37.81 (29.15-49.04)^a
Proportion >1 chronic ADGs	260.50 (92.55-733.19)^a	49.72 (25.39-97.39)^a	14.89 (11.22-19.75)^a
Proportion low SES	0.05 (0.02-0.10)^a	2.71 (1.42-5.17)^c	0.21 (0.15-0.30)^a

ADG = aggregated diagnostic groupings; APP = alternative payment plan; OR = odds ratio; SES = socioeconomic status.
↵a P <.0001
↵b P <.001
↵c P <.05