Table 3.

Effects of Interventions on Patient Outcomes

Author, YearObjective Health Outcomes (Disease Processes)*Subjective Health Outcomes (Illness Experience)Other OutcomesSatisfaction
HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin; ++ = result significantly favors intervention group; + = result favors intervention group; – – = result significantly favors control group; – = result favors control group; 0∞ = outcome identical in both groups; cost = health services cost.
Note: Principal outcome for each study in boldface; not analyzed = results not reported in original paper; missing = no data presented in the paper.
* Physiology, survival, mortality.
† No significant difference reported with no further data presented.
Interventions delivered directly to patients
Greenfield et al, 198522Pain: +Knowledge: – ––
Functional status: ++ Cost: +
Greenfield et al, 198814 HbA 1c : ++ Quality of life: ++Knowledge: +–
Functional status: ++Cost: ++
Kaplan et al, 198921 Blood pressure: ++ Functional status: ++Cost: missingMissing
Well-being: missing
Thompson et al, 1990a20 Anxiety: ++ Cost: +0∞
Thompson et al, 1990b20 Anxiety: + Knowledge: checklist –++
Message +
Butow et al, 199423 Quality of life: 0∞ Knowledge: ––
Street et al, 199524 Well-being: 0 † Knowledge: +
McCann & Weinman, 199625Cost: – – +
Davison & Degner, 199726 Anxiety: +
Depression: +
Kravitz et al, 199727 0 †
Fleissig et al, 199928 ++
Interventions delivered via practitioners
Thomas, 197829 Symptom resolution: –
Schulman & Swain, 198030 +
Evans et al, 198731 Anxiety: ++ ++
Thomas, 198732 Symptom resolution: ++
Olsson et al, 198933 Symptom resolution: ++ Cost: not analyzed++
Savage, 199039 Symptom resolution: – Cost: –– –
Evans et al, 199235Cost: 0† ++
Roter et al, 199513 Depression: ++ Cost: –
Smith et al, 199536 ++
Meland et al, 199737,38 Blood presure: + Quality of life: +Health behavior: exercise +– –
Cholesterol: + Well-being: +Smoking 0†
Thiocyanate:+ Functional status: +Cost: +
Kinmonth et al, 199839 HbA 1c : + Quality of life: +Health behavior: diet 0†++
Cholesterol: –Well-being: ++
Triglyceride – –Exercise/smoking -
Body mass index: – –Knowledge: – –
Blood pressure: –
Albumin/creatine: –
Pill et al, 199840 HbA 1c : – Diabetic complication:+Health behavior: 0†– –
Blood pressure: –Functional status: – –Cost: 0†
Body mass index: –Well-being: 0†
Smith et al, 199841 Depression: + Knowledge: missing+
Functional status: +
Peters et al, 199942Perceptions of health: –Health behavior: +
Anxiety: + Cost: – –
Functional status: +
Thom et al, 199943 Health behavior: 0 † +
Cost: 0†
Brown Betz et al, 199944 –
Interventions delivered both to the patient and to the practitioner
Lewis et al, 199145 Anxiety: + Knowledge: ++++
Katon et al, 199546 Depression: + Health behavior: ++++
Functional status: missing
Rubenstein et al, 199547 Functional status: ++
Joos et al, 199648 Health behavior: medication – +
Appointments: 0∞
Hornberger et al, 199749Depression: +Cost: – –+
Anxiety: ++
Functional status: 0†
Wagner et al, 199750Cost: – +
Maly et al, 199951 Functional status: ++ Health behavior: +
Cost: +
Reuben et al, 199952 Mortality: + Functional status: +++