Characteristics of Respondents
| Characteristic | English-speaking Japanese Americans | Japanese-speaking Japanese Americans | Japanese Living in Japan |
|---|---|---|---|
| HRQOL= health-related quality of life. | |||
| * P <.001. | |||
| † Japanese yen converted to US dollars (¥140 = $1). | |||
| ‡ P <.01. | |||
| § Autonomy Preference Index ranges from 1 to 5; higher score indicates greater autonomy. | |||
| || Acculturation score ranges from 0 to 100; higher score indicates more acculturation. | |||
| ¶ Health-related quality of life measured by SF-12 on 0 to 100 scale; higher score is better. | |||
| Number | 467 | 315 | 175 |
| Mean age, y (SD)* | 64.5 (13.5) | 74.7 (9.1) | 65.8 (8.6) |
| Male, %* | 61.7 | 35.1 | 40.2 |
| Marital status, %* | |||
| Married | 70.0 | 50.7 | 76.4 |
| Divorced or separated | 5.6 | 10.4 | 6.9 |
| Widowed | 19.9 | 33.3 | 14.4 |
| Never married | 4.5 | 5.6 | 2.3 |
| Household income ≤$50,000, %*† | 58.4 | 84.6 | 79.3 |
| Working, %* | 43.5 | 23.1 | 35.3 |
| Mean years of education (SD)* | 14.1 (2.9) | 11.5 (2.6) | 11.3 (2.6) |
| Religious affiliation, %* | |||
| Christian | 37.1 | 14.3 | 2.9 |
| Buddhist | 47.7 | 61.5 | 70.4 |
| No specific affiliation | 13.1 | 19.3 | 24.4 |
| Other religion | 2.2 | 5.0 | 2.3 |
| Religiosity, %* | |||
| Not religious | 48.6 | 47.0 | 57.6 |
| Religious, not a church member | 16.3 | 23.0 | 27.3 |
| Religious, church member | 35.1 | 30.0 | 15.1 |
| Health Insurance, %* | |||
| National insurance | NA | NA | 100 |
| Medicare | 41.5 | 32.8 | NA |
| Private | 55.7 | 46.8 | NA |
| Medicaid alone/no insurance | 2.8 | 20.4 | NA |
| Have a regular doctor, %‡ | 99.8 | 98.0 | 100 |
| Ethnicity of regular doctor, %* | |||
| Japanese | 35.7 | 66.2 | NA |
| White | 40.2 | 12.8 | NA |
| Other Asian | 17.0 | 19.0 | NA |
| Other ethnicity | 7.2 | 2.0 | NA |
| Mean years with regular doctor (SD)‡ | 3.5 (1.3) | 3.7 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.1) |
| Autonomy Preference Index (SD)*§ | 3.1 (1.2) | 1.7 (0.8) | 2.3 (0.99) |
| Mean acculturation score (SD)*|| | 69.1 (23.8) | 26.0 (23.7) | NA |
| HRQOL, mean (SD)¶ | |||
| Physical summary score* | 48.9 (9.6) | 47.1 (8.8) | 46.2 (8.5) |
| Mental summary score* | 53.6 (7.8) | 49.8 (8.8) | 45.6 (7.5) |
| Mean number of chronic conditions (SD) | 2.2 (1.7) | 2.0 (1.6) | 2.0 (1.5) |
| Hospitalization in past 6 months, %‡ | 6.2 | 12.6 | 9.1 |