Table 1.

Key Characteristics of the Studies Included in the Systematic Review

									Risk of Bias (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale)^a
Author (Year)	Sampling Method	Sample Size	Age, Years	% Female	Follow-Up Duration in Years	Data Source of PIP	Criteria of PIP	Data Source of Outcomes	Selection (Max 4*)	Comparability (Max 2*)	Outcome (Max 3*)
Barnett et al,²⁷ 2011	Whole population registry	70,299	Mean 75.2 SD 6.8	57.0	2.0	Dispensed prescribing database	Beers Criteria 2003	Mortality: Death certification database	* * * *	* *	* * *
Cahir et al,²⁵ 2014 Cahir et al,²⁴ 2014	Stratified random sampling	931	Mean 78.0 SD 5.4	54.0	0.5	Pharmacy claim database	Beers Criteria 2012 STOPP	ADEs, hospitalizations, and A&E visits: Structured interview and medical records Functional decline: VES scale HRQoL: EQ-5D scale	* * * *	* *	* * *
Hanlon et al,²⁵ 2002 Fillenbaum et al,²⁶ 2004	Stratified probability sampling	3,234	65-74 years: 49.1% 75-84 years: 41.1% ≥85 years: 9.8%	64.8	3.0	Structured interview	Beers Criteria 1997 DUR	Mortality: National Death Index Functional decline: Combination of Katz ADL, OARS Instrumental ADLs, and abbreviated Rosow-Breslau scale Hospitalizations: Medicare and Medicaid database Outpatient visits and nursing home entry: self-or proxy report	* * * *	* *	* * *
Moriarty et al,²⁸ 2016	Stratified random sampling	1,753	Mean 76.5 SD 6.0	54.4	1.0	Pharmacy claim database	STOPP START	A&E visits, GP visits: Structured interview Functional decline: Difficulty in doing 6 named ADLs HRQoL: CASP-R12 scale	* * * *	* *	* * *
Wallace et al,²⁹ 2017	Stratified random sampling	904	Median 77 IQR 74-81	54.0	2.0	Pharmacy claim databases	Beers Criteria 2012 STOPP	ADEs: Patient interview and medical records A&E visits and hospitalizations: Medical records HRQoL: EQ-5D scale	* * * *	* *	* * *
Wauters et al,³⁰ 2016	Whole GP registry and consecutive sampling	503	Mean 84.4	61.2	1.5	Secured record	STOPP START	Mortality: Secured record Hospitalizations: Secured record	* * * *	*	* * *

A&E = accident and emergency department; ADE = adverse drug event; ADL = activity of daily living; CASP-R12 = control, autonomy, self-realization, and pleasure revised 12-item quality of life scale; DUR = drug utilization review; EQ-5D = health-related quality of life states consisting of 5 dimensions; GP = general practitioner; HRQoL = health-related quality of life; IQR = interquartile range; OARS = Older American Resources and Service; PIP = potentially inappropriate prescribing; START = Screening Tool to Alert Right Treatment; STOPP = Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions; VES = Vulnerable Elders Survey.
↵a A star (*) is awarded if a specific criterion in the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was met, indicating low risk of bias in that criterion. Further details on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale are available in the supplemental appendix, available at http://www.AnnFamMed.org/content/17/3/257/suppl/DC1/.