Risk of Bias (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale)a | |||||||||||
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Author (Year) | Sampling Method | Sample Size | Age, Years | % Female | Follow-Up Duration in Years | Data Source of PIP | Criteria of PIP | Data Source of Outcomes | Selection (Max 4*) | Comparability (Max 2*) | Outcome (Max 3*) |
Barnett et al,27 2011 | Whole population registry | 70,299 | Mean 75.2 SD 6.8 | 57.0 | 2.0 | Dispensed prescribing database | Beers Criteria 2003 | Mortality: Death certification database | * * * * | * * | * * * |
Cahir et al,25 2014 Cahir et al,24 2014 | Stratified random sampling | 931 | Mean 78.0 SD 5.4 | 54.0 | 0.5 | Pharmacy claim database | Beers Criteria 2012 STOPP | ADEs, hospitalizations, and A&E visits: Structured interview and medical records Functional decline: VES scale HRQoL: EQ-5D scale | * * * * | * * | * * * |
Hanlon et al,25 2002 Fillenbaum et al,26 2004 | Stratified probability sampling | 3,234 | 65-74 years: 49.1% 75-84 years: 41.1% ≥85 years: 9.8% | 64.8 | 3.0 | Structured interview | Beers Criteria 1997 DUR | Mortality: National Death Index Functional decline: Combination of Katz ADL, OARS Instrumental ADLs, and abbreviated Rosow-Breslau scale Hospitalizations: Medicare and Medicaid database Outpatient visits and nursing home entry: self-or proxy report | * * * * | * * | * * * |
Moriarty et al,28 2016 | Stratified random sampling | 1,753 | Mean 76.5 SD 6.0 | 54.4 | 1.0 | Pharmacy claim database | STOPP START | A&E visits, GP visits: Structured interview Functional decline: Difficulty in doing 6 named ADLs HRQoL: CASP-R12 scale | * * * * | * * | * * * |
Wallace et al,29 2017 | Stratified random sampling | 904 | Median 77 IQR 74-81 | 54.0 | 2.0 | Pharmacy claim databases | Beers Criteria 2012 STOPP | ADEs: Patient interview and medical records A&E visits and hospitalizations: Medical records HRQoL: EQ-5D scale | * * * * | * * | * * * |
Wauters et al,30 2016 | Whole GP registry and consecutive sampling | 503 | Mean 84.4 | 61.2 | 1.5 | Secured record | STOPP START | Mortality: Secured record Hospitalizations: Secured record | * * * * | * | * * * |
A&E = accident and emergency department; ADE = adverse drug event; ADL = activity of daily living; CASP-R12 = control, autonomy, self-realization, and pleasure revised 12-item quality of life scale; DUR = drug utilization review; EQ-5D = health-related quality of life states consisting of 5 dimensions; GP = general practitioner; HRQoL = health-related quality of life; IQR = interquartile range; OARS = Older American Resources and Service; PIP = potentially inappropriate prescribing; START = Screening Tool to Alert Right Treatment; STOPP = Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions; VES = Vulnerable Elders Survey.
↵a A star (*) is awarded if a specific criterion in the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was met, indicating low risk of bias in that criterion. Further details on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale are available in the supplemental appendix, available at http://www.AnnFamMed.org/content/17/3/257/suppl/DC1/.