Multivariate, Multilevel Regression Model Showing Association of Clinician Use of Chronic Care Model Elements and 2 Measures of Diabetes Care Intermediate Outcomes
| Parameter | Parameter Estimate* | SE | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| CCM = Chronic Care Model; HDL = high-density lipoprotein. | |||
| * The parameter estimates indicate the strength of the association in each model. Each unit difference in clinician-reported frequency of CCM use (eg, from “rarely” to “occasionally”) is associated with a change in the dependent variable (hemoglobin A1c value or lipid ratio) equal to the parameter estimate. | |||
| † Analyzed as a continuous variable. Covariates included patient age, patient race/ethnicity, clinician sex, and clinician specialty. | |||
| ‡ Analyzed as a continuous variable. Covariates included patient age and marital status. | |||
| Hemoglobin A1c value† | |||
| Intercept | 9.3118 | 0.5709 | <.001 |
| Patient age | −0.0082 | 0.0041 | .049 |
| Patient race/ethnicity: white (vs nonwhite) | −0.5990 | 0.1290 | <.001 |
| Clinician sex: female | −0.3371 | 0.1318 | .01 |
| Clinician specialty | |||
| Physician’s assistant | −0.6152 | 0.4299 | .16 |
| Nurse-practitioner | 0.8065 | 0.2556 | .003 |
| General internal medicine | 0.1901 | 0.1263 | .14 |
| Family physician (reference) | – | – | – |
| Clinician score for use of CCM | −0.3013 | 0.0879 | .002 |
| Lipid ratio (total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol)‡ | |||
| Intercept | 5.8541 | 0.3414 | <.001 |
| Patient age | −0.0148 | 0.0035 | <.001 |
| Patient marital status: married | 0.1589 | 0.0967 | .10 |
| Clinician score for use of CCM | −0.1663 | 0.0690 | .02 |