Participant Characteristics, by Study Arm (N = 192)
| Characteristic | All (N = 192) | Arm | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health-Coaching Arm (n = 100) | Usual-Care Arm (n = 92) | P Value | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 61.3 (7.6) | 60.7 (8.0) | 61.9 (7.2) | NS |
| Male, % (No.) | 65.5 (126) | 67.0 (67) | 64.1 (59) | NS |
| Works full/part-time outside the home, % (No.) | 17.8 (34) | 16.0 (16) | 19.8 (18) | NS |
| Income <$10,000/y, % (No.) | 45.7 (84) | 45.8 (44) | 45.5 (40) | NS |
| Black/African American race, % (No.) | 56.8 (109) | 53.0 (53) | 60.9 (56) | NS |
| Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, % (No.) | 16.7 (32) | 13.0 (13) | 20.7 (19) | NS |
| Preferred language is not English, % (No.) | 12.6 (24) | 7.0 (7) | 18.7 (17) | .02 |
| Education less than high school, % (No.) | 31.9 (61) | 27.0 (27) | 37.4 (34) | NS |
| Had visit with pulmonary specialist in 12 months before enrollment, % (No.) | 31.3 (60) | 34.0 (34) | 28.3 (26) | NS |
| Severity of COPD | ||||
| GOLD classification, % (No.)a | NS | |||
| Gold A (low symptoms, low risk) | 4.2 (8) | 5.1 (5) | 3.3 (3) | |
| Gold B (high symptoms, low risk) | 46.3 (88) | 46.5 (46) | 46.2 (42) | |
| Gold C (low symptoms, high risk) | 3.2 (6) | 4.0 (4) | 2.2 (2) | |
| Gold D (high symptoms, high risk) | 46.3 (88) | 44.4 (44) | 48.4 (44) | |
| FEV1 % of predicted, mean (SD) | 58 (20) | 55 (19) | 60 (20) | NS |
| High COPD symptom score: CAT ≥10, % (No.) | 92.7 (177) | 90.9 (90) | 94.6 (87) | NS |
| Ever smoked, % (No.) | 96.3 (184) | 99.0 (99) | 93.4 (85) | .04 |
| Current smoker, % (No.) | 53.8 (99) | 54.6 (54) | 52.9 (45) | NS |
| Asthma diagnosis, % (No.) | 27.6 (53) | 29.0 (29) | 26.1 (24) | NS |
| Inhaled medications | ||||
| Uses any inhaler (rescue or controller), % (No.) | 92.7 (178) | 95.0 (95) | 90.2 (83) | NS |
| Uses controller inhaler, % (No.) | 65.6 (126) | 67.0 (67) | 64.1 (59) | NS |
| Number of controller inhalers prescribed, mean (SD) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.9) | NS |
| Types of medications prescribedb | ||||
| Short-acting β agonist (SABA), % (No.) | 88.5 (170) | 90.0 (90) | 87.0 (80) | NS |
| Short-acting anticholinergic, % (No.) | 34.4 (66) | 32.0 (32) | 37.0 (34) | NS |
| Long-acting β agonist (LABA), % (No.) | 56.8 (109) | 57.0 (57) | 56.5 (52) | NS |
| Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), % (No.) | 51.6 (99) | 59.0 (59) | 43.5 (40) | .03 |
| Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), % (No.) | 76.0 (146) | 76.0 (76) | 76.1 (70) | NS |
| Correctly identified rescue inhaler, % (No.) | 88.5 (161) | 90.7 (88) | 85.9 (73) | NS |
| Number of uses of rescue inhaler/day, mean (SD) Inhaler use | 2.5 (1.9) | 2.7 (2.0) | 2.3 (1.8) | NS |
| Metered dose inhaler, % (No.) | 91.8 (168) | 90.7 (88) | 93.0 (80) | NS |
| Closed-mouth technique | 66.1 (111) | 63.6 (56) | 68.8 (55) | NS |
| Open-mouth technique | 8.9 (15) | 10.2 (9) | 7.5 (6) | NS |
| Use with a spacer | 25.0 (42) | 26.1 (23) | 23.8 (19) | NS |
| HandiHaler, % (No.) | 40.2 (70) | 42.9 (39) | 37.4 (31) | NS |
| Diskus, % (No.) | 19.4 (35) | 13.7 (13) | 25.9 (22) | .04 |
| Respimat, % (No.) | 12.0 (22) | 14.4 (14) | 9.3 (8) | NS |
| Number days (of last 7) patient reports having taken medications as prescribed, mean (SD) | 5.6 (2.3) | 5.7 (2.1) | 5.4 (2.4) | NS |
| Perfect adherence, % (No.)c | 59.5 (75) | 64.2 (43) | 54.2 (32) | NS |
| Good adherence, % (No.)d | 77.0 (97) | 77.6 (52) | 76.3 (45) | NS |
| Inhaler use technique | ||||
| Perfect use of all inhalers, % (No.)e | 2.8 (5) | 4.2 (4) | 1.2 (1) | NS |
| Adequate use of all inhalers, % (No.)f | 9.6 (17) | 12.6 (12) | 6.0 (5) | NS |
| Weighted inhaler technique score, mean (SD)g | 72.3 (16.2) | 72.9 (16.3) | 71.5 (16.1) | NS |
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAT = COPD Assessment Test; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GOLD = Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; NS = not significant.
↵a According to the 2014 GOLD guidelines.58
↵b Either alone or in combination with another inhaled medication.
↵c Report of taking all medications as prescribed in the last 7 days.
↵d Report of taking all medications as prescribed for at least 5 of the last 7 days.
↵e Successful completion of every step of inhaler use for every inhaler for which use was demonstrated.
↵f Successful completion of every essential step required for medication delivery, for every inhaler for which use was demonstrated.
↵g On a scale of 0 to 100, where higher score indicates better technique.
Note: Data missing for some patients for some characteristics.