Relationship Between Perceived Accessibility, Peer Smoking, and Smoking Outcomes
| Smoking Outcome, Hazard Ratio (95% CI)a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Initiation | Regular Smoking | Progression Among Initiators | |||
| Unadjusted | Adjustedb | Unadjusted | Adjustedc | Unadjusted | Adjustedc | |
| CI = confidence interval; ref = reference group. | ||||||
| a All estimates shown were derived from city-stratified Cox proportional hazards model to account for clustering within students’ city of residence. | ||||||
| b Model was adjusted for age, sex, parental smoking, perceived parental approval of smoking, concerns about weight, anger coping, parental permissiveness of watching R-rated movies, and school disaffection. | ||||||
| c Model was adjusted for age, sex, parental smoking, perceived parental approval of smoking, having a favorite cigarette advertisement, parental involvement, anger coping, and impulsivity. | ||||||
| d The categories were the 4 possible combinations of perceived accessibility and peer smoking. | ||||||
| Neither perceived accessibility nor peer smoking | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Has perceived accessibility but no peer smokers | 2.00 (1.31–3.06) | 1.53 (0.98–2.41) | 2.32 (1.07–5.02) | 1.16 (0.49–2.75) | 0.83 (0.39–1.75) | 0.64 (0.28–1.44) |
| Peer smoking but no perceived accessibility | 5.60 (3.76–8.36) | 4.04 (2.66–6.15) | 9.53 (4.92–18.47) | 4.85 (2.35–10.02) | 2.98 (1.55–5.75) | 2.24 (1.09–4.62) |
| Both perceived accessibility and peer smokers | 6.82 (4.53–10.29) | 3.65 (2.26–5.9) | 27.63 (15.61–48.91) | 8.27 (4.23–16.19) | 4.74 (2.69–8.35) | 3.08 (1.64–5.78) |