Table 2.

Results of Photograph Interpretations (n = 1,040) by Primary Care Clinician and Ophthalmologist

Reading Outcome, All Patients	Ophthalmologist	Primary Care Clinician	Sensitivity	Specificity	PPV	NPV
NPV = negative predictive value; PPV = positive predictive value.
^a For identification of any diabetic retinopathy, regardless of whether it needed referral.
^b Other abnormalities include laser and other retinal scarring.
^c Some patients were referred for more than 1 finding, but each patient referred was counted only once.
Diabetic retinopathy, overall^a	113	156	0.85	0.94	0.62	0.98
Vitreous hemorrhage	5	7	1.0	0.997	0.71	1.0
Intraretinal microvascular abnormality	5	3	0.2	0.998	0.33	0.996
Venous beading	6	11	0.50	0.995	0.27	0.997
2 quadrants	4	9	0.50	0.99	0.22	0.99
Intraretinal hemorrhage	98	90	0.73	0.98	0.80	0.97
Diffuse	4	6	0.75	0.99	0.50	0.99
Neovascularization	5	4	0.4	0.997	0.50	0.998
Lipid exudates	56	108	0.96	0.95	0.50	0.99
1/3 disc diameter	39	52	0.82	0.98	0.62	0.99
Disc diameter	16	29	0.94	0.99	0.52	0.99
Referred for other abnormality^b	39	26	0.66	0.97	0.38	0.96
Referred for diabetic retinopathy	46	69	0.89	0.97	0.59	0.97
Referred for inadequate photograph	302	296	0.87	0.96	0.89	0.95
Referred, total^c	344	356	0.90	0.93	0.87	0.95