Table 3.

Bivariate Biopsychosociospiritual Inventory Differences In Outcomes (Mean Scores)

Outcomes, n	Physical Symptoms	Psychological Symptoms	Social Symptoms	Spiritual Symptoms	Impaired Functional Status
Note: analyses determined by t tests.
^a P ≤.001.
^b P ≤.05 by Bonferroni correction.
^c P ≤.05.
^d P ≤.005.
^e P ≤.01.
Any utilization
Any emergency use
No, n = 221	1.02 (0.93)^a,b	1.58 (1.30)^c	1.61 (1.34)	1.48 (1.35)^c	1.48 (1.44)^a,b
Yes, n = 76	1.53 (1.03)	2.05 (1.39)	1.85 (1.49)	1.90 (1.49)	2.18 (1.56)
Any specialist use
No, n = 227	0.99 (0.90)^a,b	1.56 (1.27)^d	1.71 (1.36)	1.51 (1.37)^c	1.46 (1.42)^a,b
Yes, n = 77	1.74 (1.14)	2.18 (1.49)	1.69 (1.51)	1.94 (1.52)	2.40 (1.65)
Any mental health use
No, n = 265	1.06 (0.93)^a,b	1.51 (1.25)^a,b	1.56 (1.35)^a,b	1.39 (1.29)^a,b	1.46 (1.38)^a,b
Yes, n = 49	1.79 (1.18)	3.07 (1.18)	2.49 (1.37)	3.03 (1.31)	3.10 (1.60)
Any hospitalization
No, n = 241	1.08 (0.99)^c	1.69 (1.32)	1.68 (1.37)	1.59 (1.41)	1.57 (1.50)^d
Yes, n = 87	1.40 (1.03)	1.79 (1.38)	1.80 (1.44)	1.83 (1.42)	2.20 (1.56)
Extreme utilization
Frequent primary care use
≤ 4 Visits, n = 260	1.01 (0.91)^a,b	1.63 (1.29)^a,b	1.66 (1.36)	1.55 (1.40)^e	1.51 (1.43)^a,b
>4 Visits, n = 28	2.10 (1.07)	2.58 (1.65)	2.03 (1.51)	2.29 (1.41)	3.04 (1.53)
Frequent ambulatory use
≤ 8 Visits, n = 252	1.02 (0.91)^a,b	1.58 (1.29)^a,b	1.64 (1.37)	1.50 (1.36)^d	1.45 (1.36)^a,b
>8 Visits, n = 27	1.86 (1.05)	2.70 (1.46)	2.00 (1.51)	2.32 (1.54)	3.35 (1.67)
Polypharmacy
≤ 5 Medications, n = 307	1.08 (0.96)^a,b	1.67 (1.32)^a,b	1.67 (1.38)^e	1.61 (1.43)^e	1.56 (1.47)^a,b
>5 Medications, n = 37	2.17 (1.12)	2.75 (1.31)	2.31 (1.24)	2.29 (1.41)	3.09 (1.46)
Satisfaction
Fair-poor health status
No, n = 180	0.74 (0.72)^a,b	1.16 (1.08)^a,b	1.29 (1.24)^a,b	1.05 (1.11)^a,b	1.04 (1.21)^a,b
Yes, n = 159	1.80 (1.08)	2.43 (1.30)	2.23 (1.39)	2.39 (1.41)	2.61 (1.47)
Positive quality-of-life
No, n = 54	1.92 (1.06)^a,b	3.03 (1.22)^a,b	2.55 (1.38)^a,b	3.10 (1.22)^a,b	3.21 (1.45)^a,b
Yes, n = 228	1.01 (0.89)	1.40 (1.18)	1.52 (1.29)	1.29 (1.23)	1.38 (1.34)
Life lacking meaning
Never, n = 149	0.90 (0.93)^a,b	1.25 (1.24)^a,b	1.35 (1.28)^a,b	1.02 (1.25)^a,b	1.16 (1.32)^a,b
At least sometimes, n = 183	1.39 (1.02)	2.17 (1.28)	2.04 (1.40)	2.24 (1.34)	2.22 (1.55)