Hazard Ratios of Mortality in Participants for Different Primary Causes of Dizziness
| Primary Cause of Dizziness | No. of Persons | No. of Deaths | Person Years | Incidence Rate per 1,000 Person Years (95% CI) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular disease | 237 | 113 | 1,495 | 75.61 (62.31-90.90) | Reference | Reference |
| Peripheral vestibular disease | 60 | 13 | 495 | 26.25 (13.98-44.89) | 0.32 (0.18-0.56) | 0.46 (0.25-0.84) |
| Psychiatric disease | 41 | 15 | 264 | 56.88 (31.84-93.82) | 0.72 (0.42-1.20) | 0.89 (0.49-1.61) |
| Other causesb | 79 | 28 | 516 | 54.42 (36.04-78.38) | 0.69 (0.46-1.05) | 0.66 (0.43-1.02) |
HR = hazard ratio; PRIME-MD PHQ = Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire.
↵a Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, level of education, preexistent cardiovascular disease and/or stroke, diabetes, polypharmacy (defined as >5 types of daily medication), an anxiety or depressive disorder according to the PRIME-MD PHQ and the number of assigned dizziness subtypes.
↵b Locomotor disease (n = 15), neurologic disease (excluding cerebrovascular disease) (n = 12), adverse drug effect (n = 10), metabolic or endocrine conditions (n = 3), impaired vision (n = 2), other causes (n = 3), and unclear cause (n = 34).