Study | Sample Characteristics, Recruitment Setting (Country, %) | Reference Standard, Depressive Disorder (Prevalence) | Screening Instrument (No. of Items) | Score Range | Cut Point (≥) | Sensitivity % (95% CI) | Specificity % (95% CI) | AUC (SD or 95% CI) | Quality Rating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AUC = area under curve; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale; CI = confidence interval; CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview; GDS-15 and GDS-30 = 15- and 30-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively; NR = not reported; PDSS-Spanish = Postpartum Depression Screening Scale-Spanish version; PRIME-MD-2 = 2-item version of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders; SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (III or IV). | |||||||||
a Although some experts cite cut points of 10 and 5 as standard for the GDS-30 and GDS-15, these investigators reported results for cut points of 9 and 6, respectively, for these 2 instruments. | |||||||||
b The authors provided sensitivity and specificity data only for combined major and minor depression (not for major depression alone). | |||||||||
Robison, 200229 | 303 Middle-aged and older patients from urban primary/acute care clinics in Connecticut (Puerto Rico, 100%) | CIDI | Yale 1 Question (1) | 0–1 | 1 | 86 (70–95) | 42 (40–44) | NR | Fair |
Major depression (12%) | PRIME MD-2 (2) | 0–2 | 1 | 92 (78–98) | 44 (42–45) | 0.68 (0.61–0.76) | |||
GDS-30 (30) | 0–30 | 9a | 84 (68–93) | 53 (51–55) | 0.75 (0.67–0.82) | ||||
GDS-15 (15) | 0–15 | 6 | 76 (60–87) | 64 (62–66) | 0.76 (0.69–0.84) | ||||
CES-D (20) | 0–60 | 21 | 73 (57–85) | 72 (70–74) | 0.77 (0.70–0.85) | ||||
CES-D-10 (10) | 0–10 | 4 | 76 (60–87) | 70 (68–71) | 0.77 (.69–.85) | ||||
Beck, 200530 | 150 Postpartum women aged 16–44 y in Texas and Connecticut (Puerto Rico, 43%; Mexico, 43%; other, 14%) | SCID | PDSS-Spanish, Full (35) | 35–175 | 60 | 84 (71–92) | 84 (75–91) | 0.93 (0.02) | Fair |
Combined major and minor postpartum depressionb (37%) | Short (7) | 7–35 | 14 | 78 (65–88) | 85 (76–91) | 0.88 (0.03) | |||
Ring, 199131 | 48 Adult outpatients at 1 medical clinic in San Francisco, California (El Salvador, 40%; Nicaragua, 32%; Mexico, 16%) | SCID, Major depression (28%) | CES-D (20) | 0–60 | 21 | 92 (62–100) | 74 (56–87) | NR | Fair |