Hazard Ratios for All-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular Mortality, Cancer Mortality, and Noncardiovascular, Noncancer Mortality in Patients with Diabetes, by Depressive State
| Cause of Death | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline and Adjusted Models | All-Cause | Cardiovascular | Cancer | Noncardiovascular, Noncancer |
| CI=confidence interval; CVD = cardiovascular disease; HR = hazards ratio. | ||||
| aDemographic characteristics at baseline: age, sex, race, education, and marital status. | ||||
| bClinical characteristics at baseline: diabetes duration, treatment intensity, medical comorbidity (excluding diabetes, depression), and hypertension diagnosis. | ||||
| cHealth behaviors and disease control measures at baseline: body mass index, smoking, limited physical activity, and glycated hemoglobin. | ||||
| Events, No. (%) | ||||
| Not depressed | 428 (12.8) | 187 (5.6) | 123 (3.7) | 118 (3.5) |
| Minor depression | 65 (18.2) | 29 (8.1) | 13 (3.6) | 23 (6.4) |
| Major depression | 88 (17.8) | 32 (6.5) | 20 (4.1) | 36 (7.3) |
| Adjusted for demographic characteristics,a HR (95% CI) | ||||
| Minor depression | 1.48 (1.14–1.93) | 1.51 (1.02–2.24) | 1.04 (0.59–1.85) | 1.87 (1.19–2.93) |
| Major depression | 2.26 (1.79–2.85) | 2.00 (1.37–2.94) | 1.61 (0.99–2.59) | 3.35 (2.30–4.89) |
| Adjusted for demographica and clinical characteristics,b HR (95% CI) | ||||
| Minor depression | 1.29 (0.99–1.68) | 1.27 (0.86–1.89) | 0.99 (0.56–1.76) | 1.59 (1.01–2.49) |
| Major depression | 1.62 (1.28–2.06) | 1.35 (0.91–1.99) | 1.36 (0.83–2.22) | 2.26 (1.52–3.35) |
| Adjusted for demographic,a clinical characteristics,b health habits and disease control measures,c HR (95% CI) | ||||
| Minor depression | 1.24 (0.95–1.61) | 1.20 (0.81–1.78) | 0.94 (0.53–1.68) | 1.54 (0.98–2.42) |
| Major depression | 1.52 (1.19–1.95) | 1.25 (0.83–1.86) | 1.27 (0.77–2.10) | 2.15 (1.43–3.24) |