Characteristics of Baseline Sample by Baseline Psychosocial Scores
| Variable | N (%) | Depressive SymptomatologyaMean (SD) | MCS ScorebMean (SD) | Social Support ConstructcMean (SD) | Social Strain ConstructdMean (SD) | Optimism ConstructeMean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GED = general equivalency diploma; MCS = mental component summary of the RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0. | ||||||
| a Scores range from 0 to 18, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptomatology. | ||||||
| b Scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better mental health. | ||||||
| c Scores range from 9 to 45, with higher scores indicating greater social support. | ||||||
| d Scores range from 4 to 20, with higher scores indicating greater social strain. | ||||||
| e Scores range from 6 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater optimism about the future. | ||||||
| All | 93,676 (100) | 2.4 (2.6) | 53.0 (8.5) | 35.9 (7.9) | 6.5 (2.5) | 23.3 (3.5) |
| Abuse | ||||||
| No abuse | 82,636 (88.2) | 2.2 (2.4) | 53.7 (8.0) | 36.5 (7.6) | 6.3 (2.4) | 23.4 (3.4) |
| Physical abuse only | 225 (0.2) | 3.8 (3.4) | 49.1 (11.0) | 33.2 (8.6) | 7.5 (3.0) | 21.8 (3.8) |
| Verbal abuse only | 9,239 (9.9) | 3.8 (3.3) | 48.3 (10.3) | 31.9 (8.4) | 8.2 (2.8) | 22.2 (3.8) |
| Physical and verbal abuse | 925 (1.0) | 5.2 (4.0) | 45.6 (11.5) | 29.6 (9.4) | 8.9 (3.4) | 21.4 (3.9) |
| Age, y | ||||||
| ≤58 | 26,284 (28.1) | 2.6 (2.9) | 51.5 (9.1) | 36.2 (7.7) | 7.0 (2.7) | 23.3 (3.7) |
| 59–64 | 23,771 (25.4) | 2.3 (2.5) | 53.2 (8.3) | 36.3 (7.7) | 6.6 (2.5) | 23.3 (3.5) |
| 65–69 | 20,847 (22.3) | 2.2 (2.4) | 53.8 (8.0) | 35.9 (7.8) | 6.3 (2.4) | 23.3 (3.4) |
| 70–74 | 15,655 (16.7) | 2.3 (2.4) | 54.0 (8.1) | 35.3 (8.1) | 6.1 (2.3) | 23.2 (3.3) |
| >74 | 7,119 (7.6) | 2.3 (2.3) | 54.2 (8.2) | 34.7 (8.4) | 5.9 (2.3) | 23.0 (3.3) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 422 (0.5) | 3.4 (3.5) | 51.3 (9.9) | 33.1 (9.4) | 7.2 (3.1) | 22.3 (3.6) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 2,671 (2.9) | 1.8 (2.2) | 54.0 (7.6) | 35.6 (7.7) | 6.3 (2.6) | 22.1 (3.1) |
| Black/African American | 7,639 (8.2) | 2.6 (2.9) | 52.1 (9.3) | 34.5 (8.4) | 7.4 (3.1) | 23.1 (3.5) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 3,623 (3.9) | 3.5 (3.4) | 50.6 (10.0) | 33.3 (9.3) | 7.4 (3.1) | 22.1 (3.6) |
| White | 78,013 (83.3) | 2.3 (2.5) | 53.2 (8.3) | 36.2 (7.7) | 6.4 (2.4) | 23.4 (3.5) |
| Unknown | 1,308 (1.4) | 2.6 (2.8) | 52.4 (9.0) | 34.3 (8.6) | 6.9 (2.7) | 22.5 (3.6) |
| Education | ||||||
| 0–8 y | 1,560 (1.7) | 3.7 (3.4) | 49.3 (10.0) | 32.3 (9.7) | 7.6 (3.3) | 20.9 (3.4) |
| Some high school, high school diploma/GED | 18,409 (19.8) | 2.7 (2.8) | 52.3 (9.0) | 35.7 (8.2) | 6.6 (2.7) | 22.3 (3.4) |
| School after high school | 33,933 (36.5) | 2.5 (2.6) | 53.0 (8.7) | 35.6 (8.0) | 6.6 (2.6) | 23.2 (3.4) |
| College graduate or higher | 39,002 (42.0) | 2.1 (2.4) | 53.6 (7.9) | 36.4 (7.4) | 6.3 (2.4) | 23.9 (3.4) |
| Family income | ||||||
| <$20,000 | 14,016 (16.2) | 3.1 (3.1) | 51.2 (9.9) | 32.4 (9.0) | 7.0 (2.9) | 22.1 (3.6) |
| $20,000–$34,999 | 20,226 (23.3) | 2.5 (2.6) | 52.9 (8.7) | 34.9 (8.0) | 6.5 (2.6) | 22.9 (3.5) |
| $35,000–$49,999 | 17,429 (20.1) | 2.3 (2.5) | 53.3 (8.3) | 36.1 (7.5) | 6.4 (2.4) | 23.4 (3.4) |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 17,486 (20.2) | 2.1 (2.4) | 53.5 (8.0) | 37.2 (7.1) | 6.4 (2.4) | 23.7 (3.4) |
| ≥$75,000 | 17,608 (20.3) | 2.0 (2.2) | 53.9 (7.5) | 38.4 (6.5) | 6.3 (2.3) | 24.2 (3.3) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 4,390 (4.7) | 2.4 (2.6) | 52.8 (8.7) | 32.9 (8.2) | 6.6 (2.6) | 22.9 (3.6) |
| Divorced/separated | 14,727 (15.8) | 2.8 (2.9) | 51.6 (9.6) | 32.4 (8.4) | 6.8 (2.7) | 23.1 (3.8) |
| Widowed | 16,290 (17.5) | 2.6 (2.7) | 52.9 (8.7) | 33.0 (8.3) | 6.3 (2.5) | 22.9 (3.5) |
| Presently married | 57,805 (62.0) | 2.2 (2.4) | 53.5 (8.1) | 37.9 (6.9) | 6.5 (2.5) | 23.4 (3.4) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never smoked | 47,023 (50.9) | 2.3 (2.5) | 53.3 (8.3) | 36.2 (7.8) | 6.4 (2.5) | 23.3 (3.5) |
| Past smoker | 39,514 (42.8) | 2.4 (2.5) | 53.1 (8.4) | 35.9 (7.8) | 6.5 (2.5) | 23.3 (3.5) |
| Current smoker | 5,791 (6.3) | 2.9 (3.0) | 50.7 (9.9) | 34.1 (8.6) | 7.1 (2.9) | 22.6 (3.7) |
| Alcohol intake | ||||||
| Nondrinker | 10,477 (11.3) | 2.4 (2.7) | 53.3 (8.6) | 35.6 (8.4) | 6.5 (2.7) | 22.8 (3.5) |
| Past drinker | 17,555 (18.9) | 2.7 (2.8) | 52.2 (9.2) | 34.8 (8.4) | 6.9 (2.8) | 22.8 (3.6) |
| <1 Drink per week | 29,461 (31.7) | 2.4 (2.6) | 52.9 (8.5) | 35.7 (7.8) | 6.5 (2.5) | 23.2 (3.4) |
| ≤7 Drinks per week | 23,842 (25.6) | 2.2 (2.4) | 53.4 (8.1) | 36.7 (7.3) | 6.3 (2.4) | 23.6 (3.4) |
| >7 Drinks per week | 11,709 (12.6) | 2.2 (2.3) | 53.8 (7.8) | 37.0 (7.3) | 6.2 (2.3) | 23.8 (3.4) |
| Living alone | ||||||
| No | 68,307 (73.5) | 2.3 (2.5) | 53.2 (8.3) | 37.2 (7.3) | 6.5 (2.5) | 23.3 (3.4) |
| Yes | 24,603 (26.5) | 2.6 (2.8) | 52.5 (9.0) | 32.3 (8.3) | 6.4 (2.5) | 23.1 (3.6) |