Table 2.

Odds of Receipt of Opioid Risk Reduction Strategies for Black vs White Patients^a

	Additive Adjustment for Sets of Variables
Strategy	Unadjusted	Clustering^b	Demographics^c	Substance Abuse^d	Comorbidities^e	Health Care Factors^f	Practice Site
Note: Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) and P values.
^a Nonlinear mixed effect regression models adjusting additively for sets of patient, clinical, and health care variables.
^b Clustering of patients within physician.
^c Includes sex, age, median household income of neighborhood.
^d Includes problem substance use (alcohol, nonopiates, and opioids), tobacco use.
^e Mental health and medical comorbidities.
^f Includes duration of long-term opioid treatment, appointment attendance rate, and primary care use category. Primary care use category was not included in the regular office visits models.
^g Urine drug testing analysis excludes 2 practices that performed only 1 test or no tests in patients (n = 274 patients).
Urine drug testing^g	1.63 (1.03–2.59) P=.04	1.53 (0.92–2.53) P=.10	1.44 (0.82–2.54) P=.21	1.45 (0.82–2.58) P=.20	1.54 (0.86–2.73) P=.15	1.56 (0.87–2.78) P=.14	1.41 (0.78–2.54) P=.26
Regular office visits	2.03 (1.65–2.49) P <.001	2.22 (1.71–2.87) P <.001	1.74 (1.28–2.38) P <.001	1.74 (1.28–2.38) P <.001	1.66 (1.21–2.28) P <.01	1.55 (1.10–2.19) P=.01	1.51 (1.06–2.14) P=.02
Restricted early refills	1.48 (1.17–1.87) P <.01	1.60 (1.22–2.10) P <.01	1.48 (1.06–2.08) P=.02	1.50 (1.07–2.10) P=.02	1.50 (1.01–2.11) P=.02	1.56 (1.06–2.31) P=.03	1.55 (1.03–2.32) P=.04