Characteristics of Study Participants, by Chronic Kidney Disease Status, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004
| CKD Statusa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall | No CKDb | Mild CKDc | Moderate-Severe CKDd |
| No. (%) participants | 12,065 (100) | 9,604 (79.6) | 1,137 (9.4) | 1,324 (11.0) |
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) y | 51.0 (18.7) | 47.2 (17.2) | 57.5 (18.0) | 72.9 (11.8) |
| Sex, % | ||||
| Male | 51.6 | 53.4 | 46.6 | 48.7 |
| Female | 48.4 | 46.6 | 53.4 | 51.3 |
| Race/ethnicity, %e | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 40.1 | 41.3 | 37.6 | 37.7 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 24.8 | 23.5 | 24.6 | 28.2 |
| Mexican-American | 25.5 | 25.7 | 27.1 | 24.7 |
| Household Income, % | ||||
| <$20,000 | 25.7 | 23.7 | 31.1 | 29.3 |
| $20,000–44,999 | 32.9 | 32.6 | 33.6 | 33.5 |
| $45,000–74,999 | 20.6 | 21.3 | 19.1 | 19.3 |
| >$75,000 | 20.8 | 22.4 | 16.2 | 18.0 |
| Education, % | ||||
| Less than high school | 49.5 | 43.0 | 53.0 | 68.3 |
| High school graduate | 50.5 | 57.0 | 47.1 | 31.7 |
| Clinical | ||||
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2, % | ||||
| No | 75.8 | 73.0 | 69.1 | 85.3 |
| Yes | 24.2 | 27.0 | 30.9 | 14.7 |
| Diabetes (self-reported), % | ||||
| No | 93.2 | 95.0 | 80.6 | 92.7 |
| Yes | 6.8 | 5.0 | 19.5 | 7.4 |
| Hypertension (self-reported, use of medications, or ≥140/90 mm Hg), % | ||||
| No | 50.3 | 60.9 | 37.1 | 19.4 |
| Yes | 49.7 | 39.1 | 62.9 | 80.6 |
| Cardiovascular disease (self-reported), % | ||||
| No | 88.1 | 92.3 | 82.2 | 71.5 |
| Yes | 11.9 | 7.7 | 17.8 | 28.5 |
| Cancer (self-reported), % | ||||
| No | 90.8 | 92.8 | 89.8 | 81.4 |
| Yes | 9.3 | 7.2 | 10.2 | 18.7 |
| Arthritis (self-reported), % | ||||
| No | 72.4 | 76.6 | 65.0 | 56.2 |
| Yes | 27.6 | 23.4 | 35.0 | 43.8 |
| Last visit to health care clinician, % | ||||
| >1 y ago | 17.0 | 18.9 | 14.0 | 13.3 |
| Within last year | 83.0 | 81.1 | 86.0 | 86.8 |
| ACEI or ARB prescription, % | ||||
| No | 95.5 | 96.1 | 92.1 | 95.0 |
| Yes | 4.5 | 3.9 | 7.9 | 5.0 |
| Loop diuretic prescription, % | ||||
| No | 97.7 | 98.9 | 95.8 | 95.3 |
| Yes | 2.3 | 1.1 | 4.2 | 4.7 |
| CKD awareness, % | ||||
| No | 92.5 | 95.6 | 89.8 | |
| Yes | 7.5 | 4.4 | 10.2 | |
ACR = albumin-creatinine ratio; ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index; CKD = chronic kidney disease; eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Note: Estimates are unweighted study population (not US population) estimates.
↵a P <.001 for all comparisons across CKD status, by analysis of variance (continuous variables) and χ2 (categorical variables).
↵b ACR ≤30 mg/g, eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
↵c Stages 1 and 2 (ACR ≥30 mg/g).
↵d Stages 3 and 4 (eGFR 15–59 mL/min/1.73 m2)
↵e Other race excluded from analysis of race/ethnicity because of small n, but individuals from this group are included in other comparisons.