Sample Characteristics (N = 1,334)
| Variable | No. (Unweighted) | % Weighted |
|---|---|---|
| Age, y | ||
| 18–44 | 249 | 16.8 |
| 45–64 | 798 | 60.6 |
| ≥65 | 287 | 22.7 |
| Sex, female, % | 907 | 69.0 |
| Race | ||
| African American | 102 | 7.7 |
| White | 1,120 | 83.6 |
| Asian | 24 | 1.3 |
| Other | 88 | 7.4 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married/living as married | 886 | 65.3 |
| Never married | 144 | 11.0 |
| Widowed | 91 | 7.3 |
| Separated/divorced | 217 | 16.5 |
| Education | ||
| Less than high school | 79 | 5.0 |
| High school graduate/trade school | 419 | 32.2 |
| Some college | 543 | 40.4 |
| College graduate | 293 | 22.3 |
| PHQ-8 scorea | ||
| 0–4 | 341 | 31.2 |
| 5–9 | 388 | 31.1 |
| 10–14 | 299 | 19.6 |
| ≥15 | 305 | 18.1 |
| Average daily morphine-equivalent dose | ||
| <50 mg | 509 | 71.0 |
| 50–99 mg | 414 | 16.6 |
| ≥100 mg | 416 | 12.4 |
| Health plan site | ||
| GHC | 776 | 60.2 |
| KPNC | 558 | 39.2 |
| Average pain severityb | ||
| 0–2 | 36 | 3.4 |
| 3–5 | 551 | 46.4 |
| 6–7 | 464 | 30.8 |
| ≥8 | 282 | 19.4 |
GHC = Group Health Cooperative; KPNC = Kaiser Permanente of Northern California; PHQ-8 = 8-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire.
↵a Scored on a scale in which 0–4 = no, 5–9 = mild, 10–14 = moderate, and ≥15=severe depression.
↵b Scored on a range from 0–10 in which a higher score indicates worse pain.