Table 4

Adjusted Odds Ratio for Nonadherence Relative to Depression and Demographics

EffectOR (95% CI)P Value
PHQ-8 scoresa
 PHQ-8: ≥15 vs 0–43.13 (1.91–5.12)<.001
 PHQ-8: 10–14 vs 0–42.86 (1.76–4.64)<.001
 PHQ-8: 5–9 vs 0–41.93 (1.259–2.95)<.001
Age0.98 (0.96–0.99).80
Sex (female vs male)1.00 (0.98–1.01).12
Race (nonwhite vs white)0.76 (0.54–1.07).25
Marital status (nonmarried vs married)0.77 (0.49–1.20).32
Education0.76 (0.45–1.31).55
Average daily morphine-equivalent doseb0.96 (0.86–1.09).56
Health plan site (GHC vs KPNC)1.00 (1.00–1.00).75
Average pain severity1.10 (1.01–1.21).032b

  • GHC = Group Health Cooperative; KPNC = Kaiser Permanente of Northern California; OR = odds ratio; PHQ-8 = 8-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire.

  • ↵a Scored on a scale in which 0–4 = no, 5–9 = mild, 10–14 = moderate, and ≥15=severe depression.

  • ↵b Per milligram.