Secondary Outcomes at 9 Weeks and 3 Months
| Exercise, Mean (95% CI) | Meditation, Mean (95% CI) | Control, Mean (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | 9 wk | 3 mo | 9 wk | 3 mo | 9 wk | 3 mo |
| Exercise | ||||||
| MET min/wk (IPAQ) | 2,222 (1,815 to 2,628)a | 1,805 (1,356 to 2,253)a | 1,037 (694 to 1,381) | 1,122 (804 to 1,440) | 1,224 (810 to 1,638) | 1,050 (688 to 1,412) |
| Mindfulness score (MAAS) | 4.59 (4.36 to 4.82) | 4.82 (4.59 to 5.05) | 4.55 (4.37 to 4.73) | 4.73 (4.54 to 4.91) | 4.60 (4.40 to 4.81) | 4.59 (4.37 to 4.82) |
| Indicators of good health (positive change indicates improvement) | ||||||
| Physical health score (SF-12) | 51.8 (49.3 to 54.2) | 52.0 (49.4 to 54.6) | 49.8 (47.2 to 52.3) | 50.5 (48.0 to 53.1) | 51.1 (48.5 to 53.6) | 50.6 (47.8 to 53.6) |
| Mental health score (SF-12) | 53.0 (50.9 to 55.1)b | 49.7 (46.7 to 52.7) | 52.6 (50.5 to 54.7)b | 50.5 (48.1 to 53.0)b | 49.0 (46.4 to 51.5) | 46.3 (43.5 to 49.0) |
| Positive emotion score (PANAS) | 36.8 (34.6 to 39.0) | 36.2 (33.9 to 38.5) | 36.6 (34.8 to 38.4) | 36.3 (34.3 to 38.3) | 35.3 (33.0 to 37.5) | 34.9 (32.7 to 37.0) |
| Optimism (LOT) score | 29.0 (27.9 to 30.1) | 28.5 (27.3 to 29.6) | 27.9 (26.7 to 29.0) | 28.0 (26.6 to 29.3) | 28.6 (27.4 to 29.7) | 29.0 (27.9 to 30.1) |
| Social support score (Ryff PR) | 43.4 (41.1 to 45.7) | 43.6 (41.3 to 45.9) | 42.4 (39.8 to 44.9) | 44.5 (42.4 to 46.5) | 44.0 (42.1 to 45.9) | 44.0 (42.1 to 46.0) |
| Sleep quality score (PSQI) | 4.61 (3.49 to 5.73) | 4.54 (3.47 to 5.61) | 5.02 (4.06 to 5.98) | 5.02 (4.20 to 5.84) | 5.22 (4.33 to 6.12) | 5.10 (4.22 to 5.99) |
| Indicators of poor health (negative change indicates improvement) | ||||||
| Perceived stress score (PSS-10) | 9.5 (7.8 to 11.2) | 10.0 (8.2 to 11.7) | 11.2 (9.7 to 12.8) | 11.4 (9.5 to 13.4) | 10.5 (8.6 to 12.3) | 11.4 (9.5 to 13.2) |
| Negative emotion score (PANAS) | 14.0 (12.8 to 15.2) | 14.4 (13.1 to 15.7) | 15.0 (13.7 to 16.2) | 15.0 (13.3 to 16.7) | 14.6 (13.3 to 15.9) | 14.9 (13.8 to 16.0) |
| Anxiety (STAI) score | 30.2 (27.6 to 32.8) | 29.1 (26.6 to 31.7) | 30.7 (28.0 to 33.4) | 29.7 (26.9 to 32.5) | 31.2 (28.4 to 33.9) | 30.4 (27.9 to 32.9) |
IPAQ = International Physical Activity Questionnaire; LOT = Life Orientation Test; MAAS = Mindful Attention Awareness Scale; MET = metabolic equivalent task; Ryff PR = Ryff’s Positive Relationships with Other scale; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSS-10 = 10-item Perceived Stress Scale; SF-12 = 12-item Medical Outcomes Study Short Form; STAI = State Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Notes: Data shown represent mean at 9 weeks (1 week after 8-week intervention), then approximately 3 months later. Two-sided P values calculated by simple 2-sample contrast using t test, SAS software. Statistical significance for secondary outcomes should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory and hypothesis-testing.
↵a P <.01 for comparison of intervention means vs control means at each period.
↵b P <.05 for comparison of intervention means vs control means at each period.