Table 5

Adjusted Odds Ratio for Aberrant Behavior Relative to Depression and Demographics

Effect	OR (95% CI)	P Value
PHQ-8 scores^a
PHQ-8: ≥15 vs 0–4	1.80 (0.93–3.46)	.080
PHQ-8: 10–14 vs 0–4	1.74 (0.90–3.32)	.10
PHQ-8: 5–9 vs 0–4	0.79 (0.44–1.42)	.43
Age	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	<.001
Sex (female vs male)	1.02 (0.65–1.61)	.93
Race (nonwhite vs white)	0.43 (0.24–0.79)	<.001
Marital status (nonmarried vs married)	1.01 (0.52–1.93)	.99
Education	0.82 (0.71–0.96)	.013
Average daily morphine-equivalent dose^b	0.998 (0.995–1.000)	.026
Health plan site (GHC vs KPNC)	0.69 (0.44–1.08)	.10
Average pain severity	0.94 (0.83–1.07)	.34

GHC = Group Health Cooperative; KPNC = Kaiser Permanente of Northern California; OR = odds ratio; PHQ-8 = 8-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire.
↵a Scored on a scale in which 0–4 = no, 5–9 = mild, 10–14 = moderate, and ≥15=severe depression.
↵b Per milligram.