Table 3

Adjusted Odds Ratio for Nonpain Symptoms Relative to Depression and Demographics

Effect	OR (95% CI)	P Value
PHQ-8 scores^a
PHQ-8: ≥15 vs 0–4	2.42 (1.46–4.02)	.001
PHQ-8: 10–14 vs 0–4	1.75 (1.05–2.91)	.031
PHQ-8: 5–9 vs 0–4	1.23 (0.80–1.90)	.346
Age	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	.80
Sex (female vs male)	0.56 (0.39–0.80)	.002
Race (nonwhite vs white)	1.36 (0.87–2.12)	.17
Marital status (nonmarried vs married)	1.08 (0.63–1.85)	.79
Education	0.87 (0.76–0.99)	.03
Average daily morphine-equivalent dose^b	0.997 (0.995–0.999)	.016
Health plan site (GHC vs KPNC)	1.55 (1.10–2.17)	.012
Average pain severity	1.01 (0.92–1.11)	.89

GHC = Group Health Cooperative; KPNC = Kaiser Permanente of Northern California; OR = odds ratio; PHQ-8 = 8-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire.
↵a Scored on a scale in which 0–4 = no, 5–9 = mild, 10–14 = moderate, and ≥15=severe depression.
↵b Per milligram.