Table 2

Number (Unweighted) and Weighted Percentage of Patients Scoring Positive on 3 Misuse Types by Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

	Non–Pain Symptoms		Nonadherence		Aberrant Behavior

Variable	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Age, y
18–44	91	47.3	144	59.0	57	27.8
45–64	299	41.5	356	39.6	113	16.7
≥65	118	42.1	106	39.9	34	12.7
Sex
Female	328	39.6	404	42.3	145	18.3
Male	180	49.7	202	44.3	59	16.2
Race
African American	39	38.2	60	44.7	17	13.4
White	426	38.1	493	43.0	174	18.7
Asian	7	30.4	12	40.0	2	4.4
Other	31	35.6	39	41.9	10	13.0
Marital status
Married/living as married	347	45.6	394	42.6	132	18.4
Never married	50	40.1	78	50.0	28	17.0
Widowed	32	34.1	34	40.0	12	18.7
Separated/divorced	79	36.5	99	42.1	31	13.8
Education
Less than high school	37	59.7	32	39.1	10	15.9
High school graduate/trade school	179	49.6	195	44.9	67	21.7
Some college	192	36.4	274	45.2	80	17.1
College graduate	100	39.8	115	36.8	47	13.1
PHQ-8 score^a
0–4	102	36.9	119	27.3	46	15.5
5–9	139	40.2	173	42.6	45	12.3
10–14	131	47.2	146	54.3	57	23.4
≥15	136	51.8	167	57.7	56	24.5
Average daily morphine-equivalent dose
<50 mg	247	46.8	219	41.2	93	18.5
50–99 mg	134	34.0	203	47.8	66	17.0
≥100 mg	127	29.9	184	46.2	45	13.6
Health plan site
GHC	324	46	432	42.1	103	16.3
KPNC	184	37.4	264	44.2	101	19.6
Average pain severity^b
0–2	11	57.9	14	39.1	7	32.9
3–5	202	41.0	235	38.5	85	15.9
6–7	175	40.4	215	43.9	73	17.7
≥8	117	49.3	138	54.7	38	19.9

GHC = Group Health Cooperative; KPNC = Kaiser Permanente of Northern California; PHQ-8 = 8-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire.
↵a Scored on a scale in which 0–4 = no, 5–9 = mild, 10–14 = moderate, and ≥15 = severe depression.
↵b Scored on a scale ranging from 0–10 in which a higher score indicates worse pain.