Table 1

Injection Solutions and Injection Techniques

Injection Type	Solution	Injection Technique
Dextrose
Intra-articular 25% dextrose	In a 10-mL syringe: 5 mL 50% dextrose 5 mL lidocaine 1% saline	6.0 mL was injected using an inferomedial approach
Extra-articular 15% dextrose	22.5 mL distributed in 3, 10-mL syringes (7.5 mL each) using the following recipe: 6.75 mL 50% dextrose 4.5 mL 1% lidocaine 11.25 mL 0.9% saline	Up to 15 subdermal injections were placed, and 0.5 mL of 15% solution was injected using a peppering technique with a 25-gauge needle at each ligament-bone insertion. Each puncture site allowed for placement of solution at up to 3 ligament-bone insertions using a skin-sliding technique (withdrawing the needle to just below the skin and reinserting into an adjacent area without removing from the initial puncture site), allowing for the placement of up to 22.5 mL of solution
Saline control
Intra-articular	5 mL 0.9% sodium chloride 5 mL 1% lidocaine	Injection technique identical to intra-articular injections above
Extra-articular	22.5 mL distributed in 3, 10-mL syringes (7.5 mL each) using the following recipe: 18 mL 0.9% sodium chloride 4.5 mL 1% lidocaine	Injection technique identical to extra-articular above