Baseline Practice and Patient Characteristics
| Characteristic | RAP | CQI | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Practices | (n = 15) | (n = 10) | (n = 15) |
| Rural, No. (%) | 4 (27) | 2 (20) | 4 (27) |
| Practice size (office visits per week), No. (%) | |||
| Large (>400) | 3 (20) | 1 (10) | 3 (33) |
| Medium (91–400) | 10 (67) | 4 (40) | 10 (47) |
| Small (1–90) | 2 (13) | 5 (50) | 2 (20) |
| Patients on Medicaid, % | |||
| <5% | 8 (53) | 4 (40) | 6 (40) |
| 5%–20% | 3 (20) | 4 (40) | 4 (27) |
| >20% | 4 (27) | 2 (20) | 5 (33) |
| Patientsa | (n = 312) | (n = 189) | (n = 321) |
| Sex, % male | 44.2 | 52.9 | 50.5 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 60.5(12.6) | 61.9 (12.1) | 60.0 (13.2) |
| Medical comorbidities, mean (SD), No.b | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.1) |
| Have psychiatric comorbidity, %c | 20.5 | 14.3 | 13.1 |
| HbA1c level, mean (SD), %d | 7.18 (1.59) | 7.35 (1.76) | 7.69 (2.00) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hgd | 128.3 (16.4) | 131.8 (17.7 | 132.9 (19.7) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 76.9 (10.9) | 78.5 (12.2) | 78.0 (11.9) |
| Total cholesterol level, mean (SD), mg/dLe | 174.5 (42.6) | 185.8 (49.3) | 184.8 (50.4) |
CQI = continuous quality improvement; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; RAP = reflective adaptive process; SD = self-directed.
↵a HbA1c levels were determined for 636 patients, systolic and diastolic blood pressure for 799 patients, and total cholesterol levels for 703 patients.
↵b Arthritis, connective tissue disease, gastrointestinal problems, coronary disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, liver disease, pulmonary disease, neurologic disease, peripheral vascular disease, renal disease, stroke, dementia, cancer in past 3 years.
↵c Depression, substance abuse, other psychiatric diagnosis.
↵d P <.01.
↵e P <.05.