Characteristic | Women With History of Miscarriage (n=23,538) | Women With History of Stillbirth (n=1,670) | Women With History of Miscarriage and Stillbirth (n=1,673) | Women With No History of Stillbirth or Miscarriage (n=50,820) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic, %a | ||||
Age, y | ||||
<60 | 30.5 | 27.3 | 28.2 | 33.9 |
60–70 | 45.8 | 46.2 | 46.1 | 43.8 |
70+ | 23.8 | 26.5 | 25.7 | 22.4 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
African American | 9.0 | 14.8 | 15.4 | 7.2 |
Hispanic/Latino | 3.9 | 7.9 | 9.2 | 3.6 |
White | 82.6 | 71.3 | 70.8 | 84.4 |
Other | 4.4 | 5.9 | 4.5 | 4.9 |
Smoking status | ||||
Current | 7.0 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 5.8 |
Former | 43.8 | 40.4 | 42.6 | 42.3 |
Never | 49.2 | 52.3 | 49.5 | 51.9 |
Marital status, married | 64.9 | 61.0 | 59.1 | 65.8 |
Educational level | ||||
≤High school | 21.1 | 27.6 | 26.8 | 21.7 |
≥College | 69.2 | 60.5 | 62.4 | 68.6 |
Other | 9.7 | 11.9 | 10.9 | 9.7 |
Income | ||||
<$20,000 | 16.4 | 22.1 | 24,7 | 14.3 |
$20,000–$74,999 | 63.3 | 62.4 | 60.3 | 63.7 |
≥$75,000 | 20.4 | 15.6 | 15.1 | 22.1 |
Physiologic, mean (SD)a | ||||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.4 (5.9) | 28.2 (6.0) | 28.6 (6.6) | 27.0 (5.7) |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.81 (0.08) | 0.81 (0.08) | 0.82 (0.09) | 0.80 (0.08) |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 127.0 (17.9) | 129.3 (18.6) | 129.5 (17.9) | 126.4 (17.8) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 74.9 (9.3) | 75.6 (9.6) | 75.9 (9.5) | 74.9 (9.3) |
White blood cell count, No./μL | 6,200 (12,300) | 6,000 (2,800) | 6,200 (9,900) | 6,100 (12,100) |
Behaviorala | ||||
Dietary total fat Intake, mean g (SD) | 54.3 (34.3) | 55.1 (42.8) | 57.9 (44.3) | 53.1 (32.7) |
Physical activity, mean MET h/wk (SD) | 13.8 (14.5) | 12.6 (13.8) | 12.9 (4.6) | 14.1 (14.5) |
Alcohol consumption, % | ||||
None | 9.9 | 15.6 | 15.3 | 11.5 |
<1/wk | 31.8 | 30.2 | 31.1 | 32.1 |
1–7/wk | 26.6 | 22.5 | 21.8 | 26.2 |
>7/wk | 12.6 | 8.9 | 9.8 | 12.8 |
Past drinker | 19.2 | 22.9 | 21.9 | 17.4 |
Medical history, %a | ||||
Familial congestive heart disease | 41.6 | 38.4 | 39.0 | 40.7 |
Early hypertensionb | 3.0 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 2.7 |
Hypertensionc | 24.3 | 28.9 | 28.9 | 22.7 |
Diabetes | 3.0 | 4.9 | 5.9 | 2.5 |
Hyperlipidemia | 7.3 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 7.6 |
Reproductive history | ||||
Gravidity, % | ||||
1 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 11.2 |
2–4 | 74.3 | 59.3 | 66.1 | 76.1 |
≥5 | 23.2 | 37.1 | 33.5 | 12.7 |
Parity, % | ||||
1 | 8.9 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 11.2 |
2–4 | 68.7 | 67.6 | 63.1 | 75.1 |
≥5 | 17.6 | 16.9 | 21.5 | 11.2 |
Drug use at baseline, %a | ||||
Aspirin | 21.1 | 19.9 | 18.8 | 20.5 |
Antihypertensive medications | 28.8 | 32.9 | 34.1 | 26.7 |
Lipid-lowering medications | 7.8 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 8.0 |
Diabetic medication | 3.2 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 2.6 |
Antidepressants | 7.4 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 7.2 |
β-Blockers | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 6.7 |
Diuretics | 13.8 | 14.6 | 16.4 | 12.3 |
ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 10.3 | 13.7 | 12.7 | 9.9 |
Calcium channel blockers | 8.4 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 7.7 |
Psychosocial history of depression,d % | 10.6 | 9.8 | 11.9 | 9.4 |
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; MET = metabolic equivalent task.
↵a Values may vary slightly because of missing data.
↵b Reported before age 40 years.
↵c Reported age ≥40 years.
↵d Burnam screening algorithm, a short version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).