Table 1

Characteristics of Included Studies

First Author Risk of Bias	No.^a	Recruitment	Depression Diagnosis	% Female Mean Age, y	Group 1 (No. of Sessions; Clinician)	Group 2 (No. of Sessions; Clinician)	Further Groups	Week Posttreatment Measurement Score and Instrument	Response Remission
Face-to-face CBT
Laidlaw 2008	44	Referral	Major depression	72	CBT	Usual care		18	HRSD (i)
u (luuul)				74	(8; psychologist)			BDI	HRSD (i)
Scott 1997	48	Referral	Major depression	67	Brief CT	Usual care		7	HRSD (i)
h (uuuhh)				41	(6; therapist)			BDI	HRSD (i)
Serfaty 2009	137	Mainly screening	Depression	79	CBT	Usual care	Talking control^b	16	BDI (i)
l (llhul)				74	(≤12; therapist)			BDI	BDI (i)
Smit 2006	116	Referral	Major depression	64	CBT	Usual care	Recurrence prevention^b	12	BDI (i)
l (llhll)				43	(10–12; therapist)			BDI	BDI (i)
Teasdale 1984	44	Screening	Major depression	94	CT	Usual care		ca 16	HRSD
h (uuhhl)				38	(≤20; psychologist)			BDI (i)	BDI
Face-to-face problem-solving therapy
Barrett 2001	161	Referral	Dysthymia, minor depression	64	Problem solving	Placebo	Paroxetine^b	11	nr
u (luuuu)				44	(6; psychologist)			HSCL-D (c, i)	HRSD ≤6
Mynor-Wallis 1995	60	Referral	Major depression	77	Problem solving	Placebo	Amitriptyline	12	HRSD (i)
h (uuuhl)				37	(6; trained physician)			BDI	HRSD (i)
Oxman 2008	141	Screening	Minor depression	58	Problem solving	Usual care		9	MADRS (i)
u (llhuu)				55	(6; counselor)			MADRS	MADRS (i)
Williams 2000	278	Referral or screening	Dysthymia or minor depression	41	Problem solving	Placebo	Paroxetine^b	11	HSCL-D (i)
h (llhlh)				71	(6; psychologist/counselor)			HSCL-D (c)	HAD-D
Face-to-face interpersonal psychotherapy
Schulberg 1996	185	Screening	Major depression	83	Interpersonal PT	Usual care	Nortriptyline^b	26	HRSD (i)
h (uuuhh)				38	(16; psychologist/psychiatrist)			HRSD (i)	HRSD (i)
Van Schaik 2006	143	Screening	Major depression	69	Interpersonal PT	Usual care		26	MADRS
u (ulhul)				68	(10; psychologist/nurse)			MADRS	MADRS
Other face-to-face psychosocial therapies
Casanas 2012	231	Referral	Major depression	89	Psychoeducation	Usual care		12	BDI (i)
l (llhul)				53	(12; nurse^c)			BDI	BDI (i)
Corney 1984	87	Referral	Depression	100	Social work	Usual care		Unclear	Improvement
h (huhuh)				30	(Unclear; social worker)			nr	nr
Corney 2005	181	Screening	Depression	80	Counseling	Usual care		26	BDI (i)
l (luhll)			(≥6 mo)	43	(6–12; counselor^c)			BDI	BDI (i)
MacPherson 2013	453	Referral	Depression	73	Counseling	Usual care	Acupuncture^b	12	PHQ-9 (i)
l (llhul)				44	(12; counselors)			PHQ-9	PHQ-9 (i)
Three-armed trials with face-to-face CBT and other face-to-face psychosocial therapies
Scott 1992	121	Referral	Major depression	76	CBT	Counseling			HRSD (i)
u (uuuul)				32	(10; psychologist)	(13; social worker)	Usual care	16	HRSD
Ward 2000	197	Referral	Depression	77	CBT	Counseling	Amitriptyline^b	HRSD	BDI (i)
l (ulhll)				37	(6–12; psychologist)	(6–12; counselor^c)	Usual care	16	BDI (i)
Remote therapist-led CBT
Dwight-Johnson 2011	101	Screening	Depression	78	Telephone CBT	Usual care		12	HSCL-D
l (llhul)				40	(8; trained therapist)			HSCL-D	nr
Kessler 2009	297	Referral	Major depression	68	Online CBT	Usual care		16	BDI (i)
h (llhhl)				35	(≤10; psychologist)			BDI	BDI (i)
Simon 2004	393	Referral	Depression	76	Telephone CBT	Usual care		26	HSCL-D
u (llhuu)				44	(8; psychotherapist)			HSCL-D	HSCL-D
Remote therapist-led problem-solving therapy
Lynch 1997	29	Screening	Minor depression	86	Telephone problem solving	Usual care,		6	nr
h (uuhhu)				48	(6; trained student)	no treatment		BDI (i)	BDI (i)
Lynch 2004	54	Screening	Mild depression	83	Telephone problem solving	Usual care		6	nr
h (uuhhh)				38	(6; nurse)			BDI	BDI (i)
Guided self-help CBT
Joling 2011	170	Screening	Subthreshold depression	54	Bibliotherapy	Usual care		12	CES-D reduction ≥5
u (luhul)				81	(3; nurse)			CES-D	CES-D ≤16
Proudfoot 2004	274	Referral or screening	Depression	74	Computerized CBT	Usual care		9	BDI (i)
u (ulhuu)				44	(≤80 min; nurse^c)			BDI	BDI (i)
Watkins 2012	82	Screening	Depression	55	Guided self-help concreteness training	Usual care		8	HRSD (i)
l (llull)				46	(≤4; psychologist)		Relaxation control^b	BDI	HRSD (i)
Williams 2013	281	Referral	Depression	68	Guided self-help CBT	Usual care		16	BDI
u (ulhul)				42	(3; psychologist)			BDI	BDI (i)
No/minimal contact CBT
de Graaf 2009	303	Screening	Depression	57	Computerized CBT^d	Usual care
l (llhll)				45				8	BDI reliable change
Levesque 2011	350	Screening	Depression	67	Computer behavioral intervention (TTM)	Usual care, no intervention		BDI	BDI (i)
h (luhhl)				47				39	BDI ≤9+ significant change
Levin 2011	191	Referral	Depression	77	Computer CBT	Usual care		BDI
l (luhll)				44					BDI (i)
Naylor 2010	38	Screening	Depression	84	Bibliotherapy	Usual care		6	SCID symptoms (i)
h (luhhl)				51				CES-D	nr
								6	BDI-FS (i)
								BDI-FS	BDI-FS (i)

BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BDI-FS = Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen; c = only change from baseline data available; ca = circa; CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale; CT = cognitive therapy; HAD-D = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale subscale depression; HRSD = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HSCL-D = Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale; i = imputed data; MADRS = Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale; nr = not measured or reported; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression; PT = psychotherapy; RDC = Research Diagnostic Criteria; SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders; TTM = transtheoretical model.

Note: Risk of bias: l = low, u = unclear, h = high. First letter indicates the overall risk of blinding, not taking blinding into account; letters in parentheses sequentially indicate the risk of bias for the following 5 items: sequence generation, concealment, blinding, attrition, and selective reporting, respectively.
↵a Number of patients randomized (only in groups included in analyses).
↵b Comparator or control group not included in analyses.
↵c Trial included 2 separate groups (computerized CBT alone and in combination with usual care), which were pooled.
↵d Person providing the treatment was explicitly or probably a routine member of the primary care team.