Covariate | Scotland (n = 26,895) | China (n = 124,829) | Hong Kong (n = 23,839) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cOR (95% CI)a | aORb (95% CI)a | cOR (95% CI)a | aORb (95% CI)a | cOR (95% CI)a | aORb (95% CI)a | |
Sex, male | 0.70 (0.65–0.76) | 0.75 (0.69–0.81) | 0.80 (0.79–0.81) | 0.75 (0.73–0.76) | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 0.79 (0.70–0.89) |
Age, per 5 years | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 1.02c (1.00–1.04) | 1.16 (1.16–1.17) | 1.01d (1.00–1.01) | 1.19 (1.17–1.21) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) |
Household income per heade | ||||||
Grade 4 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref)f |
Grade 3 | 1.32 (1.14–1.53) | 1.23 (1.06–1.43) | 0.85 (0.83–0.87) | 0.74 (0.72–0.76) | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) |
Grade 2 | 1.90 (1.67–2.15) | 1.56 (1.37–1.77) | 0.80 (0.79–0.82) | 0.67 (0.66–0.69) | 1.23 (1.06–1.44) | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) |
Grade 1 | 2.28 (2.01–2.59) | 1.62 (1.41–1.86) | 0.68 (0.67–0.70) | 0.58 (0.56–0.60) | 1.91 (1.65–2.21) | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) |
Education level | ||||||
No qualifications | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Other | 0.65 (0.60–0.71) | 0.94g (0.86–1.04) | 0.68 (0.67–0.69) | 1.47 (1.43–1.52) | 0.39 (0.34–0.44) | 0.83h (0.72–0.96) |
Employment status | ||||||
Unemployed | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Other | 0.50 (0.46–0.55) | 0.69 (0.62–0.77) | 0.58 (0.57–0.60) | 0.70 (0.68–0.72) | 0.77 (0.69–0.87) | 0.83i (0.73–0.94) |
Tobacco, smoker | 1.23 (1.14–1.34) | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | 2.20 (2.16–2.24) | 1.26 (1.25–1.27) | 1.33 (1.19–1.50) | 1.37 (1.20–1.57) |
Numbers of chronic conditions in ICD-10 coding categories | ||||||
0 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
1 | 1.80 (1.62–2.01) | 1.77 (1.59–1.98) | 4.82 (4.60–5.06) | 4.89 (4.63–5.15) | 3.09 (2.74–3.48) | 2.63 (2.31–2.98) |
2 | 2.56 (2.28–2.88) | 2.41 (2.12–2.72) | 5.58 (5.31–5.87) | 5.53 (5.25–5.82) | 4.80 (4.17–5.53) | 3.69 (3.16–4.31) |
3 | 3.96 (3.48–4.51) | 3.53 (3.06–4.07) | 8.45 (8.19–8.71) | 8.18 (7.89–8.47) | 6.91 (5.73–8.32) | 4.96 (4.05–6.08) |
≥4 | 5.19 (4.40–6.12) | 4.33 (3.63–5.17) | 21.04 (20.05–22.08) | 20.36 (19.34–21.43) | 9.78 (7.68–12.46) | 7.02 (5.43–9.06) |
Notes: Dependent variable was admission to a hospital (secondary level or above) with at least 1 overnight stay in the 12 months before the survey.
aOR = adjusted odds ratio; cOR = crude odds ratio; ICD-10 = International Classification of Diseases,10th Edition; Ref = reference group.
↵a P values are based on joint tests, which test the overall differences between the individual categories of the corresponding variable. All are <.001 unless otherwise noted.
↵b Adjusted for all other covariates (independent variables) listed in the table.
↵c P = .02.
↵d P = .005.
↵e Grade 1 refers to as having less than one-half of the average income level; grade 2 refers to having more than that but less than the average level; grade 3 refers to having an income between the average and twice the average; grade 4 refers to having more than twice the average income level.
↵f P = .16.
g P = .24.
↵h P = .01.
↵i P = .004.