Clinical, Psychological, and Behavioral Characteristics at Baseline and After 6 Months for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Joined the Training Program (Trainee Group) and Those Under Usual Care (Comparison Group)
| Trainee Group n = 79 | Comparison Group n = 60 | Between Groups P Valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Month 6 | Baseline | Month 6 | ||
| Demographics and lifestyle | |||||
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 55.6 ± 11.5 | 56.5 ± 10.9 | |||
| Male (%) | 35b | 65 | |||
| High school or above (%) | 12.5 | 20.6 | |||
| Disease duration, y, mean ± SD | 11.0 ± 6.7 | 8.3 ± 6.6 | |||
| Non-smoker (%) | 93.6 | 87.9 | |||
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| HbA1c, mean ± SD | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 0.5 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | .02 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 137 ± 43 | 137 ± 20 | 142 ± 42 | 144 ± 43 | .56 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 127 ± 13.6 | 123 ± 14.8 | 129 ± 29.5 | 122 ± 54.0 | .28 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 71 ± 7.0 | 72 ± 12.5 | 77 ± 17.0 | 79 ± 11.2 | .15 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 180 ± 30 | 170 ± 39c | 170 ± 25 | 170 ± 20 | .04 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL, mean (IQR) | 124 (70–168) | 124 (53–160) | 124 (62–186) | 132 (88–204) | .39 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (IQR) | 58 (31–77) | 58 (35–81) | 46 (31–77 | 46 (31–77) | .20 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 100 ± 27 | 93 ± 31c | 97 ± 23 | 93 ± 23 | .15 |
| Questionnaires | |||||
| DES total score, mean ± SD | 37.9 ± 6.71 | 37.0 ± 7.38 | 41.0 ± 8.02 | 40.4 ± 9.77 | .42 |
| GHQ total score, mean ± SD | 44.4 ± 3.93 | 43.3 ± 3.67 | 45.5 ± 4.63 | 45.1 ± 4.06 | .09 |
| DASS total score, mean (IQR) | 4 (2–9) | 3 (0–7) | 6 (2–9) | 5 (1–8) | .68 |
| PHQ total score, mean (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2)c | 2 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | .21 |
| EQ-5D index, mean (IQR) | 1 (0.80–1) | 1 (0.82–1) | 1 (0.80–1) | 1 (0.81–1) | .34 |
| EQ-5D VAS, mean ± SD | 81.6 ± 11.5 | 81.8 ± 10.7 | 81.6 ± 12.4 | 79.0 ± 11.5 | .25 |
| SDSCA | |||||
| General diet, mean ± SD | 4.73 ± 1.63 | 5.57 ± 1.32c | 4.6 ± 1.8 | 4.62 ± 1.88 | .01 |
| Special diet,d mean ± SD | 4.55 ± 1.27 | 5.32 ± 1.3c | 4.42 ± 1.7 | 4.46 ± 1.5 | .008 |
| Exercise, mean ± SD | 4.55 ± 2.15 | 4.63 ± 2.07 | 3.83 ± 2.32 | 3.65 ± 2.07 | .07 |
| Glucose monitoring, mean ± SD | 2.58 ± 1.81b | 2.89 ± 1.77 | 2.33 ± 2.08 | 2.52 ± 2.21 | .47 |
| Foot care, mean ± SD | 4.97 ± 1.78 | 5.66 ± 1.44c | 4.31 ± 2.18 | 4.27 ± 1.95 | .001 |
| Medication adherence, mean ± SD | 6.81 ± 1.06b | 6.59 ± 1.41 | 5.95 ± 1.84 | 6.3 ± 1.6 | .75 |
↵a Between-group comparison of change from baseline to month 6 adjusted for gender.
↵b P <.05 between-group comparison at baseline.
↵c P <.05 within-group comparison.
↵d Special diet: fruit/vegetable and high-fat food consumption.
Note: These are the score ranges for assessment tools:
DES: 20-item Diabetes Empowerment Scale, range 20–100; higher score means better self-efficacy.
GHQ: 12-item General Health Questionnaire, range 0–36; higher score means poorer psychological health.
DASS: 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, range 0–63; higher score means more depression, anxiety and stress.
PHQ: 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, range 0–27; higher score means more depression.
EQ-5D index score: 5-item Euroqol; UK traffic was used; range -0.594 to 1; higher score means better health-related quality of life.
EQ-5D VAS: Visual Analogue Scale of EQ-5D, range 0–100; higher score means better self-rated health status.
SDSCA: (14-item Summary of Diabetes Self Care Assessment, range: 0–98; higher score means better self-care.